Infectious diseases have been causing epidemics in our communities since ancient times, so why are they such a popular topic these days? One of the main reasons they’ve been on everyone’s minds lately is due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Since its rise in early 2020, COVID-19 has affected every person in one way or another and does not seem to be stopping anytime soon. Unfortunately, COVID-19 is not alone in its category. There are a multitude of infectious diseases that are equally as capable, in particular viral diseases, that are continuing to emerge. Leinco Technologies understands that research is critical to understanding and managing these diseases.
Our infectious disease antibodies and proteins catalog includes monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and a range of recombinant antibodies. We also have several recombinant proteins and blocking peptides to help advance your infectious disease research. Select your pathogen of interest from the left-hand menu below to shop our current catalog of infectious disease antibodies and proteins.
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Monkeypox
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Monkeypox Virus (Clone: MPXV-13) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT555 |
| New Anti-Monkeypox Virus (Clone: MPXV-56) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT554 |
| New Anti-Monkeypox Virus (Clone: MPXV-26) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT553 |
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family 1. It is the next most pathogenic poxvirus after smallpox. Two genetic clades, West African and Central African (Congo Basin), have been characterized; the latter is capable of human-to-human transmission 1,2. Monkeypox has gained clinical relevance due to the eradication of smallpox, which has created opportunities for increased prevalence and viral mutations that may affect virulence 1, 2. An infection with one orthopoxvirus of any one species, or vaccinia virus vaccination, protects against infection by other orthopoxviruses 3,4,5. MPXV is an enveloped virus with a linear, double-stranded DNA genome 2 and a large, complex proteome of over 200 proteins 6. During infection, the virus exists in two antigenically distinct forms: mature virions (MV) or enveloped virions (EV) 6.
References:
1 Sklenovská N, Van Ranst M. Front Public Health. 6:241. 2018.
2 Moore M, Zahra F. 2021 Oct 19. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–.
3 McConnell S, Herman YF, Mattson DE, et al. Am J Vet Res. 25:192-195. 1964.
4 Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Carter SV, et al. Nat Med. 11(9):1005-1011. 2005.
5 Gilchuk I, Gilchuk P, Sapparapu G, et al. Cell. 167(3):684-694.e9. 2016.
6 Moss B. Immunol Rev.239:8–26. 2011.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Clone: RSV-12I1) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT559 |
| New Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Clone: RSV-14N4) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT558 |
| New Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Clone: RSV-17E10) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT557 |
| New Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Clone: RSV-3M3) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT556 |
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus that infects the majority of children by two years old 1, 2. While usually mild, RSV can be serious in infants and older adults and is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children less than one year of age in the United States 1. A related pneumovirus, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), also significantly contributes to hospitalizations resulting from lower respiratory tract infection 2. Antibodies have been described that bind and neutralize both RSV and hMPV fusion (F) proteins.
References:
1 National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Division of Viral Diseases, https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/index.html
2 Mousa JJ, Binshtein E, Human S, et al. PLoS Pathog. 14(2):e1006837. 2018.
Hantavirus
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Sin Nombre Virus (Hantavirus) (Clone: SNV-53) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT552 |
| New Anti-Andes Virus (Hantavirus) (Clone: ANDV-44) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT551 |
Hantavirus is an enveloped, negative-sensed, single-stranded RNA virus in the bunyavirus family 1. “New World” hantaviruses (NWH) are found in the Americas and may cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) 2. “Old World” hantaviruses (OWH) are found mostly in Europe and Asia and may cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Each hantavirus serotype has a specific rodent host species and infection is spread primarily by aerosolized feces, urine, or saliva, with the exception of Andes Virus (ANDV) which is also capable of human-to-human transmission 3,4.
References
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/technical/hanta/virology.html
2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/index.html
3 Padula PJ, Edelstein A, Miguel SD, et al. Virology. 241:323–330. 1998.
4 Martinez VP, Bellomo C, San Juan J, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 11:1848–1853. 2005.
Henipavirus
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Henipavirus (Clone: HENV-270) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT577 |
| New Anti-Henipavirus (Clone: HENV-117) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT576 |
| New Anti-Henipavirus (Clone: HENV-103) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT575 |
Henipavirus spp. are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses in the family Paramyxovirus 1. Five species have been identified, two of which, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), are highly virulent emerging pathogens with high case-fatality ratios. The other three species, Cedar virus, Ghanaian bat virus, and Mojiang virus are not known to cause human disease. Pteropid bats are the reservoir host. HeV is transmitted by direct contact with infected horses, their fluids, or tissues 1. Horses are infected by exposure to pteropid bats. NiV is transmitted by contact with infected pigs or bats and person-to-person. Both HeV and NiV cause severe influenza-like illness that can progress to encephalitis.
References
1 Shoemaker T, Choi MJ. Chapter 4: Travel-Related Infectious Diseases, Henipaviruses. In: Brunette GW, Nemhauser JB, eds. 2020 CDC Yellow Book. CDC; National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Global Migration and Quarantine (DGMQ), wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/henipaviruses
Dengue
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Dengue Virus (Clone: DENV-2D22) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT562 |
| New Anti-Dengue Virus (Clone: DENV-1F4) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT561 |
| New Anti-Dengue Virus (Clone: DENV-1C19) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT560 |
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most common insect-transmitted virus to target humans, with an estimated 390 million infections annually 1. DENVs are members of the Flaviviridae family and can be divided into four closely related but antigenically distinct serotypes 2. They encode a single-stranded positive sense RNA genome and display 180 copies of envelope (E) glycoprotein and premembrane/membrane (prM/M) proteins. E glycoprotein is comprised of three structural domains, DI, DII, and DIII, and exists as a homodimer in the pre-fusion state on the mature virus particle. E undergoes multiple conformation changes during maturation and fusion.
References
1 Smith SA, de Alwis AR, Kose N, et al. mBio. 4(6):e00873-13. 2013.
2 Lecouturier V, Berry C, Saulnier A, et al. Vaccine. 37(32):4601-4609. 2019.
Japanese Encephalitis
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Japanese Encephalitis Virus (Clone: JEV-69) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT564 |
| New Anti-Japanese Encephalitis Virus (Clone: JEV-75) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT563 |
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus in the Flavivirus genus endemic to Asia and parts of the western Pacific 1. Symptomatic JEV infection is most common in children in areas of endemicity or travellers to those regions. Severe symptoms occur in ~1% of cases, with a case-fatality ratio of 20–30%. Survivors often have serious neurologic, cognitive, or psychiatric sequelae. Five JEV genotypes have been identified and existing vaccines are derived from historically predominant GIII strains 2.
References
1 Hills SL, Lindsey NP, Fischer M. Chapter 4: Travel-Related Infectious Diseases, Japanese Encephalitis. In: Brunette GW, Nemhauser JB, eds. 2020 CDC Yellow Book. CDC; National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Global Migration and Quarantine (DGMQ), https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/japanese-encephalitis
2 Fernandez E, Kose N, Edeling MA, et al. mBio. 9(1):e00008-18. 2018.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (Clone: EEEV-138) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT571 |
| New Anti-Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (Clone: EEEV-129) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT570 |
Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEEV), one of the most virulent viruses endemic to North America, is a rare mosquito-borne encephalitic alphavirus in the Togaviridae family. Infection leads to a 30% to 75% mortality rate, and up to 90% of survivors develop ongoing neurologic problems 1, 2. On average, seven human cases are confirmed each year in the United States. EEEV is of particular concern because of its potential aerosol spread and lack of available treatments. EEEV prevalence in mosquitoes that feed on humans has recently increased.
References
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD), https://www.cdc.gov/easternequineencephalitis/index.html
2 Williamson LE, Gilliland T Jr, Yadav PK, et al. Cell. 183(7):1884-1900.e23. 2020.
Ross River
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Ross River Virus (Clone: RRV-12) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT574 |
| New Anti-Ross River Virus (Clone: RRV-86) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT573 |
| New Anti-Ross River Virus (Clone: RRV-19) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT572 |
Ross River Virus (RRV) is a mosquito-borne, positive sense, single-stranded virus endemic to Australia and Papua New Guinea that belongs to the arthritogenic group of alphaviruses 1. The mature glycoprotein is composed of E1 and E2 envelope proteins in a heterodimer, expressed as a trimeric spike on the virus surface 2.
References
1 Powell LA, Fox JM, Kose N, et al. PLoS Pathog. 16(5):e1008517. 2020.
2 Snyder AJ, Mukhopadhyay S. J Virol. 86(24):13609-20. 2012.
Rotavirus
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Rotavirus (Clone: RV6-25) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT582 |
| New Anti-Rotavirus (Clone: RV6-26) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT581 |
Rotaviruses (RV) are double-stranded, non-enveloped, icosahedral RNA viruses in the Reoviridae family1 that cause severe dehydrating diarrhea in infants and children2. RV particles are composed of concentric viral protein (VP) layers3. The triple-layered particle has an inner capsid layer (VP2), an intermediate capsid layer (VP6), and an outer capsid layer (VP7, VP4). The transcriptionally active double-layered particle (DLP) consists of VP2 and VP6. VP6 is the most antigenic RV protein in humans4. The antibody VH1–46 gene segment is the site of primary interaction with VP65.
References
1 Aiyegbo MS, Eli IM, Spiller BW, et al. J Virol. 88(1):469-76. 2014.
2 Bern C, Martines J, de Zoysa I, et al. Bull World Health Organ. 70: 705-714. 1992.
3 Pesavento, JB, Crawford SE, Estes MK, et al. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 309: 189-219. 2006.
4 McKinney BA, Kallewaard NL, Crowe JE, et al. Immunome Res 3:8. 2007.
5 Kallewaard NL, McKinney BA, Gu Y, et al. J Immunol. 180(6):3980-9. 2008.
Vaccinia
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| Coming Soon Anti-Vaccinia Virus (Clone: VACV-301) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT580 |
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which includes cowpox virus (CPXV), monkeypox virus (MPXV), and variola virus (VARV)1. Orthopoxviruses have a large and complex proteome, and various species share genetic and antigenic features. Indeed, an infection with one orthopoxvirus species, or vaccinia virus vaccination, protects against infection by other orthopoxviruses 1,2,3. During infection, VACV has two antigenically distinct forms: mature virions (MV) or enveloped virions (EV).
References
1 Gilchuk I, Gilchuk P, Sapparapu G, et al. Cell. 167(3):684-694.e9. 2016.
2 McConnell S, Herman YF, Mattson DE, et al. Am J Vet Res. 25:192-195. 1964.
3 Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Carter SV, et al. Nat Med. 11(9):1005-1011. 2005.
West Nile
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA flavivirus 1. E protein is the main target of flavivirus neutralizing antibodies. E consists of three structural domains (DI, DII, DIII).
References
1 Goo L, Debbink K, Kose N, et al. Nat Microbiol. 4(1):71-77. 2019.
Chikungunya
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Chikungunya Virus (Clone: CHKV-35) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT569 |
| New Anti-Chikungunya Virus (Clone: CHKV-24) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT568 |
| New Anti-Chikungunya E2 Protein – Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade | Monoclonal Antibody | C450 |
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes epidemics globally and has been declared a notable disease by the CDC 1,2. Symptoms include high fever, myalgia, rash, and severe polyarthritis which can persist for long after acute infection. CHIKV is an enveloped virus with an 11.8-kb single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome with two open reading frames (3,4). There are three main genotypes, having 95.2 to 99.8% amino acid identity: Asian, West African, and East/Central/South African (ECSA). The mature CHIKV virion is comprised of a nucleocapsid protein C and two glycoproteins, E1 and E2 5. E1 participates in virus fusion. E2 functions in attachment to cells. E1 and E2 form 80 trimeric spikes on the virus surface6.
Co-circulation of CHIKV with other arboviruses, such as dengue, Zika, Mayaro, and yellow fever, occurs in many countries, posing significant difficulties for diagnosis 2. Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) can be used both for diagnosis 7 and as a therapeutic agent 5,8,9. CHIKV can be rapidly detected by an immunochromatographic assay using MAbs against the CHIKV envelope protein 7.
References:
1 Petersen, L. R., & Epstein, J. S. (2014). Transfusion, 54(8), 1911–1915.
2 Silva, JVJ Jr., Ludwig-Begall, LF., Oliveira-Filho, EF. et al. (2018) Acta Trop. 188:213-224.
3 Powers, AM., Brault, AC., Tesh, RB. et al. (2000) J. Gen. Virol. 81:471–479.
4 Arankalle, VA., Shrivastava, S., Cherian, S. et al. (2007) J. Gen. Virol. 88:1967–1976.
5 Pal, P., Dowd, KA., Brien, JD. et al. (2013)PLoS Pathog. 9(4):e1003312.
6 Mukhopadhyay, S., Zhang, W., Gabler, S. et al. Structure. 14(1):63-73. 2006.
7 Okabayashi, T., Sasaki, T., Masrinoul, P. et al. J Clin Microbiol. 53(2):382-388. 2015.
8 Hawman, DW., Stoermer, KA., Montgomery, SA. et al. J Virol. 87(24):13878-13888. 2013.
9 Pal, P, Fox, JM., Hawman, DW. et al. J Virol. 88(15):8213-8226. 2014.
Influenza A & B
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Influenza A (Clone: FluA-20) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT578 |
| New Anti-Influenza (Clone: Flu-5J8) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | LT579 |
| Anti-Influenza A | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | View All |
| Proteins | Category | Products |
| Recombinant Influenza B Nucleocapsid | Recombinant Protein | F650 |
| Recombinant Influenza A Nucleocapsid | Recombinant Protein | F600 |
Avian Influenza
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| Anti-Avian Influenza AFHA-1 | Polyclonal Antibody | A289 |
| Anti-Avian Influenza AFHA-2 | Polyclonal Antibody | A290 |
| Anti-Avian Influenza AFHA-3 | Polyclonal Antibody | A291 |
| Anti-Avian Influenza AFHA-4 | Polyclonal Antibody | A292 |
| Anti-Avian Influenza H5N1 NS2 | Polyclonal Antibody | H1462 |
| Anti-Avian Influenza Nonstructural Protein H5N1 NS2 | Polyclonal Antibody | H1461 |
| Anti-Avian Influenza Neuraminidase (CT) | Polyclonal Antibody | N166 |
| Anti-Avian Influenza Neuraminidase (Intermediate Domain) | Polyclonal Antibody | N167 |
| Anti-Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin (NT) | Polyclonal Antibody | H1464 |
| Anti-Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin (Intermediate Domain) | Polyclonal Antibody | H1463 |
Hemagglutinin (HA) is a glycoprotein on the Influenza A (IAV) viral surface 1. HA consists of two domains: an antigenically variable head and a more conserved stem. There are 18 HA subtypes. Neutralizing antibodies targeting the head domain are typically restricted to within subtype, while antibodies targeting the stem offer broader protection. In contrast, FluA-20 is a human antibody that recognizes the HA head domain of nearly all subtypes of IAV with high affinity 1.
References
1 Bangaru S, Lang S, Schotsaert M, et al. Cell. 177(5):1136-1152.e18. 2019.
Zika
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| New Anti-Zika (ZIKV) E Protein – Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade | Primary Monoclonal Antibody | Z200 |
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is a global public health problem 1, linked causally to severe fetal abnormalities 2. Prophylactic antibodies may prove useful in treating pregnant patients or for designing epitope-specific vaccines 1. The mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb) ZV-67 specifically targets ZIKV and neutralizes infection of the American, Asian, and African strains to varying degrees 1.
References
1 Zhao H, Fernandez E, Dowd KA. et al. (2016). Cell. 166(4):1016-1027.
2 Brasil P, Pereira Jr JP, Moreira ME. et al. (2016). N Engl J Med. 375(24):2321-2334.
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
| Antibodies | Category | Products |
| Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Nucleocapsid (N) | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | View All |
| Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | View All |
| Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike NTD | Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody | View All |
| Proteins | Category | Products |
| Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) | Recombinant Protein | S854 |
| Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD | Recombinant Protein | S851 |
| Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD (UK Variant) | Recombinant Protein | S351 |
| Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD (South Africa Variant) | Recombinant Protein | S151 |
| Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD (Brazil Variant) | Recombinant Protein | S251 |
| Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike NTD | Recombinant Protein | S853 |
| Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1-mFC | Recombinant Protein | S855 |
| Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike S2 | Recombinant Protein | S850 |
In SARS-CoV-2 infection, the spike (S) protein mediates viral attachment, fusion, and entry into host cells1. Specifically, the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S protein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on host cells2,3. Anti-RBD neutralizing antibodies are present in the sera of convalescent COVID19 patients4, and the RBD is considered a major immunogenic component of SARS-COV-2.
References
1Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, et al. Cryo-EM Structure of the 2019-nCoV Spike in the Prefusion Conformation. Preprint. bioRxiv. 2020;2020.02.11.944462. Published 2020 Feb 15. doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.944462
2 Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell. 2020;181(2):281-292.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
3 Li W, Zhang C, Sui J, et al. Receptor and viral determinants of SARS-coronavirus adaptation to human ACE2. EMBO J. 2005;24(8):1634-1643. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj
4 Cao Y, Su B, Guo X, et al. Potent Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Identified by High-Throughput Single-Cell Sequencing of Convalescent Patients’ B Cells. Cell. 2020;182(1):73-84.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.025