Anti-Mouse CD28 [Clone E18] — Purified in vivo PLATINUM™ Functional Grade

The most common in vivo application of clone E18 in mice is for targeted modulation and analysis of the CD28 molecule, particularly in the context of T cell activation and immunological research. Clone E18 is a monoclonal antibody that binds to mouse CD28, blocks the binding of the 37.51 antibody, and acts as a costimulatory agent for T cell activation and proliferation.

Key in vivo uses in mice include:

• Costimulation of T cell activation and proliferation: E18 is used to stimulate T cells in immunological experiments requiring defined activation conditions.
• Blocking ligand-binding to CD28: E18 is effective at inhibiting the interaction between CD28 and its natural ligands or other CD28-targeted antibodies, making it useful for mechanistic studies of T cell costimulation and signaling.
• Functional studies in disease models: For example, E18 has been used in mouse models of myocardial infarction, where its administration improved survival and reduced the incidence of cardiac ruptures, indicating its potential for dissecting the role of costimulatory pathways in inflammation and tissue repair.

Summary table—Clone E18 in vivo applications:

In summary, clone E18 is primarily used for in vivo modulation of CD28-related signaling and costimulation in mice, often to probe immune mechanisms or evaluate therapeutic strategies in disease models.

The identity of "E18" in your query can refer to different antibodies or proteins depending on the research context. Two prominent examples found in recent literature are:

• E18 as a monoclonal antibody against Enterovirus A71 (EV71):
  E18 is widely used in EV71 research, often in combination with other antibodies to enhance antiviral effects or for mechanistic studies.
  Commonly used with:

  • F1 single-domain antibody (sdAb): This llama-derived antibody is fused with E18 to create a bispecific antibody (E18-F1) that targets multiple epitopes on EV71, enhancing neutralization.
  • E19 monoclonal antibody: Used together with E18 to study neutralizing mechanisms and viral genome release by comparing their interactions with EV71 capsid proteins.
  • Other anti-EV71 or pan-enteroviral antibodies: For mapping epitope coverage or neutralization breadth, researchers may use E18 alongside a broader panel of neutralizing antibodies.

• E18 clone as an antibody against Bcl-XL (an anti-apoptotic protein):
  This rabbit monoclonal antibody [E18] is employed mainly in apoptosis and cancer studies for detection of Bcl-XL expression.
  Commonly used with:

  • Other Bcl-2 family antibodies: Such as Bcl-2, Bax, or Bcl-xS, to compare levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in cell death and cancer research.
  • Secondary anti-rabbit IgG antibodies: For detection in Western blot, immunohistochemistry, or flow cytometry applications.

• E18 as a protein epitope in HPV-18 E6/E7 research:
  Here, E18 refers to the E6/E7 proteins of HPV-18; antibodies generically targeting E6/E7 from various sources are often used together to profile immune responses or for diagnostic assays.

Summary table for context-specific usage:

If you specify the context (e.g., virology/EV71, apoptosis research, HPV-18 studies), more detailed recommendations for commonly paired antibodies or proteins can be provided.

The search results provide several mentions of "clone E18" across different scientific contexts. Here are the key findings from these citations:

1. Bispecific Antibody E18-F1 for Enterovirus Treatment:

   • Clone E18 is part of a novel IgG-like bispecific antibody (BiSAb) designed to target enterovirus 71 (EVA71). This BiSAb, E18-F1, shows enhanced binding activity and improved antiviral effects compared to its original components.
   • The E18-F1 design involves a C-terminal fusion of an EVA71-specific single-domain antibody (sdAb) clone F1 to the light chain of an E18 IgG clone.

2. Herpesvirus Genome Cloning:

   • Clone E18 contains the complete RCMV-E genome with several polymorphisms in non-coding and coding regions. These variations are likely pre-existing in the viral DNA pool rather than introduced during cloning.

3. Mouse CD28 Clone E18:

   • Although not extensively detailed in the search results, clone E18 is mentioned in the context of anti-mouse CD28 antibodies, which are used for functional studies.

In summary, clone E18 is involved in the development of a bispecific antibody for enterovirus treatment, as a clone in herpesvirus genome studies, and potentially in immunological research involving mouse CD28 antibodies. However, detailed information on the CD28 context is not provided in the search results.

Overview of Anti-CD28 Clone E18

Clone E18 is a monoclonal antibody specific for mouse CD28, a costimulatory molecule critical for T cell activation. Its in vivo use can involve functional T cell activation (when combined with anti-CD3) or, in some contexts, blockade of CD28 binding to its ligands, resulting in reduced T cell costimulation. However, the provided search results do not specify standardized in vivo dosing regimens for E18 itself in different mouse models.

Comparison with Published Antibody Dosing Guidelines

Comprehensive in vivo dosing guides do exist for several mouse-specific antibodies—such as anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-CD3ε, and anti-CD40—but do not include anti-CD28 clone E18 as an example. These guides outline:

• Standard doses: Typically 100–500 µg/mouse intraperitoneally, depending on the target and application.
• Dosing schedules: Usually every 3–4 days or 2–3 times per week.
• Route: Most frequently intraperitoneal, sometimes intravenous.

While these guidelines offer a framework, they do not directly discuss E18.

Current Evidence on E18 Dosing

• Manufacturer Documentation: The manufacturer (Bio-Rad) provides technical details about E18’s specificity, isotype, and buffer but does not specify in vivo dosing for mouse models. The supplier’s focus is on in vitro and ex vivo applications (e.g., flow cytometry, functional assays).
• Literature: Only one peer-reviewed article directly mentions in vivo use of E18, specifically as a ligand-binding blocker in a mouse model of inflammation, but does not provide quantitative dosing information.
• Vendor (BioLegend): Describes E18’s functional properties (blocking ligand binding and stimulating T cell activation), but does not detail in vivo dosing.

Inferring Dosing from Related Antibodies

Given the lack of explicit E18 dosing data, researchers often extrapolate from related in vivo antibody regimens, such as those for anti-CD3ε (5–50 µg/mouse) or anti-CD40 (50–300 µg/mouse). These regimens are adjusted based on the model (e.g., autoimmune, infection, tumor), the therapeutic goal (activation vs. blockade), and the desired immune effect.

General principles from the field suggest:

• Empiric titration: Start with published doses for similar antibodies and titrate based on experimental readouts.
• Combination therapy: If used with anti-CD3 (a common approach for T cell activation in vitro), doses may depend on the relative contribution of each antibody to the desired effect.
• Route: Intraperitoneal injection is standard for most in vivo antibody studies in mice.

Table: Published Example Doses for Mouse Antibodies

These examples illustrate common practice but do not substitute for E18-specific data.

Summary

• No published, standardized dosing regimen exists for clone E18 in different mouse models.
• Extrapolation from related antibodies suggests that doses in the 10–300 µg/mouse range, given intraperitoneally, are reasonable starting points, but must be validated empirically for each model and application.
• Consulting literature or contacting the manufacturer for unpublished data or protocols is advised.
• Pilot studies with dose titration and careful immune monitoring are essential for establishing optimized regimens in specific experimental contexts.

In the absence of explicit guidelines, dosing of clone E18 in mouse models remains empirical and context-dependent.