Mouse IgM Isotype Control — Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade

Clonal Mouse Line "Nan": In Vivo Applications

The Nan mouse is a widely studied in vivo model for investigating hematological diseases, particularly hemolytic anemia. Here’s how the Nan mouse is utilized in research:

Genetics and Disease Modeling

• Spontaneous Mutation in Klf1: The Nan (“neonatal anemia”) mouse is caused by a specific point mutation (E339D) within the second zinc finger of the Krüppel-like factor 1 (Klf1) gene, which encodes the erythroid Krüppel-like factor (EKLF).
• Semidominant Inheritance: Nan is inherited as a semidominant mutation; homozygous mutants die embryonically (around E10–11) due to severe lack of hematopoiesis, while heterozygotes (Nan/+) survive to adulthood but exhibit severe, life-long hemolytic anemia.
• Phenotype Similar to Hereditary Spherocytosis: Heterozygous Nan mice show increased osmotic fragility of red blood cells, splenomegaly, and tissue iron deposition, closely mimicking human hereditary spherocytosis (HS), although the underlying mechanism is distinct from classical HS and involves a transcriptional regulator rather than a membrane skeletal protein.

Research Applications

• Mechanistic Studies of Erythropoiesis: The Nan mouse provides a unique tool for dissecting the mechanisms by which disrupted erythropoiesis leads to anemia, especially in the context of transcriptional regulation defects in red blood cell development.
• Model for Unique Disease Mechanisms: Unlike most HS models caused by membrane skeleton gene defects, Nan highlights how a transcription factor mutation can produce a similar (or more severe) hemolytic phenotype, offering insights into genotype–phenotype relationships and unexpected genetic modifiers.
• Comparative Study Tool: Researchers can use Nan mice to compare the effects of transcriptional versus structural protein defects in red cell membranes, furthering understanding of anemia diversity and potential therapeutic targets.

Technical Features

• Stable Germline Transmission: The Nan mutation is maintained as an inbred strain, allowing consistent, reproducible phenotyping across experiments.
• Transferable Through Hematopoietic Stem Cells: The Nan phenotype can be transferred via bone marrow transplantation, facilitating studies on cell-autonomous effects and potential hematopoietic interventions.
• Localization and Availability: The mutation’s chromosomal location and molecular characterization are established, enabling targeted genetic crossing and generation of compound mutants for functional genomics.

Summary Table: Key Features of the Nan Mouse Model

Conclusion

The Nan in vivo mouse model, with its unique transcriptional etiology for hemolytic anemia, is a valuable tool for studying erythroid development, the molecular basis of anemia, and genotype–phenotype relationships—especially those involving transcription factors in hematological diseases. Its stable phenotype and genetic tractability make it particularly useful for mechanistic, therapeutic, and comparative studies in hematology.

Based on established best practices for sterile packaged biological materials and similar products such as lipid nanoparticle-based biologics, the recommended storage temperature is typically -20?°C for short- to medium-term preservation. This temperature minimizes degradation and preserves sample integrity, especially for nucleic acid-based materials.

Key supporting information:

• -20?°C storage effectively maintains physical and functional stability of sensitive biologics (such as LNP-RNA vaccines), showing minimal loss in potency or integrity for up to at least 30 days.
• For some biological materials, especially those not preserved in stabilizing solutions, even colder temperatures (such as -80?°C) may be preferable for long-term storage, but -20?°C is widely accepted for routine laboratory or clinical workflows.
• Short-term storage after thawing (if relevant) can usually be done at 2–8?°C (refrigeration), but samples should be used quickly as potency and quality decline rapidly at these higher temperatures.

If "clone nan" refers to a specific product or a proprietary biological clone packaged in a sterile manner, always defer to the manufacturer's guidance for any special requirements.

For reference:

In summary: Store the sterile packaged clone nan at -20?°C for optimal preservation, unless the manufacturer's instructions specify otherwise.

Commonly Used Antibodies and Proteins with Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology in biomedicine frequently leverages antibodies, antibody fragments, and various engineered proteins for diagnostics, therapeutics, and structural assembly. Here are some of the most commonly used types found in the literature, along with their roles and examples from recent research.

Antibodies in Nanotechnology

• Full-length Antibodies: Canonical immunoglobulins (such as IgG) are employed for their high specificity and affinity. Researchers have demonstrated that endogenous human antibodies can act as molecular builders or triggers for the assembly and disassembly of DNA nanostructures, such as nanotubes, by engineering DNA bricks with antigen recognition tags that respond to specific antibodies. This approach enables precise control over nanostructure formation in response to clinically relevant biomarkers.
• Single-Chain Antibodies (scFv): These are engineered proteins composed of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of an antibody, connected by a short linker. They are used in various nanotechnological applications due to their smaller size and retained binding specificity.
• Nanobodies (VHH, Single-Domain Antibodies): These are the smallest functional antibody fragments, derived from camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies. Nanobodies are popular in nanotechnology for their robustness, small size, and ability to target cryptic or hidden epitopes. They have been engineered to recognize viral proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein), bacterial toxins (e.g., Shiga toxin, Listeria surface proteins), and even parasites (e.g., trypanosome surface glycoproteins). Nanobodies are also being explored for targeted drug delivery and as components of nanocarriers.
• Antibody–Fc Conjugates: Fusion proteins combining nanobodies or other antibody fragments with the Fc region of human antibodies are used to extend half-life and enhance effector functions. Examples include nanobody–Fc conjugates targeting snake or scorpion venoms.

Engineered and Fluorescent Proteins

• Fluorescent Proteins: Green fluorescent protein (GFP), enhanced GFP (EGFP), mEmerald, and mCherry are commonly used to label and track nanoparticles and nanostructures in biological systems. These proteins enable real-time visualization of nanoparticle behavior in vitro and in vivo.
• Viral Proteins: Full-length or domains of viral proteins, such as the adenoviral penton base, have been used as targeting moieties in nanoparticle design.
• Carrier Proteins: Proteins such as albumin and transferrin are often used to functionalize nanoparticles, improving circulation time and targeting specific tissues.

Nanotechnology Strategies Using Proteins

• Targeted Drug Delivery: Antibodies and nanobodies are conjugated to nanoparticles to direct therapeutic agents to specific cells or tissues, minimizing off-target effects.
• Biosensing and Diagnostics: Antibody-functionalized nanoparticles enable sensitive detection of biomarkers in clinical samples.
• Immune Modulation: Proteins such as tolerogenic nanoparticles or nanocages made from zwitterionic polymers are explored to mitigate immunogenicity of biologic drugs, improving their safety and efficacy.

Examples from the Literature

Summary

The most commonly used antibodies and proteins in nanotechnology applications include full-length antibodies, nanobodies (VHH), single-chain antibodies (scFv), fluorescent proteins (GFP, mCherry), viral protein domains, and carrier proteins like albumin. These molecules are chosen for their specificity, stability, and ability to confer targeting, therapeutic, or diagnostic functions to nanostructures.

Key findings from scientific literature citing clone NaN (a novel voltage-gated sodium channel ?-subunit) focus on its molecular identity, expression patterns, functional predictions, and phylogenetic implications:

• Novel Identification: The NaN channel is a previously unidentified, voltage-gated Na channel ?-subunit with a unique sequence, predicted to produce a tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) current based on its amino acid features.
• Expression Profile: NaN is expressed preferentially in sensory neurons, notably in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia, with particular abundance in C-type DRG neurons.
• Functional Distinction: Sequence analysis predicts that NaN channels have altered voltage-dependent properties distinct from other known sensory neuron Na channels (such as SNS/PN3). A critical serine residue at DI-SS2 confers TTX resistance, supporting this functional prediction.
• Phylogenetic and Structural Insights: NaN is structurally and phylogenetically distant from previously characterized mammalian sodium channels, showing only 47–55% similarity to even the most closely related channels.
• Expression Regulation: NaN mRNA levels are down-regulated after axotomy (nerve injury), suggesting a role in nerve injury responses or pain signaling.
• Potential Third Subfamily: Its structural features are intermediate between the two main mammalian sodium channel subfamilies, leading to the hypothesis that NaN could represent a third subfamily or an ancestral relationship with other channel types.

These findings establish NaN as a distinct TTX-R sodium channel with a unique role in sensory neuron physiology and potential relevance in nociception (pain transmission) and nerve injury response.