IL-33 is a 30 kD proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 superfamily. It signals inflammation in the body via the stimulation of macrophages, neutrophils, B cells, Th2 cells, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells. IL-33 is a ligand for IL33R (ST2), which is part of a cytokine receptor gene cluster that includes IL-1RI and IL-1RII. IL-33 binds ST2 and complexes with the IL-1R Accessory Protein (IL-1R-AcP) to form a functional signaling receptor complex facilitating the activation of NF-B and MAP kinase signaling pathways resulting in the production of type 2 cytokines from polarized Th2 cells. IL-33R can exist as a type I transmembrane glycoprotein or a soluble glycoprotein. The soluble IL-33R is thought to serve as a decoy receptor which competitively antagonizes the binding of IL-33 thereby reducing its biological effects. IL-33 has been linked with asthma, allergies, endometriosis, and hay fever. In addition, IL-33 resides in keratinocytes of the skin and is thought to trigger the itching associated with dermatitis when subjected to irritation or allergic conditions. Furthermore, in APP/PS1 mice, IL-33 has been shown to be effective in reversing the buildup and preventing the new formation of amyloid plaques that are characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the action of extracellular IL-33 is limited due to rapid oxidation that causes a molecular conformational change which prevents it from binding to the ST2 receptor.
The predicted molecular weight of Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 is Mr 62.5 kDa. However, the actual molecular weight as observed by migration on SDS-PAGE is Mr 100 kDa.
Predicted Molecular Mass
62.5
Formulation
This recombinant protein was 0.2 µm filtered and lyophilized from modified Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (1X PBS) pH 7.2 – 7.3 with no calcium, magnesium, or preservatives.
Storage and Stability
This lyophilized protein is stable for six to twelve months when stored desiccated at -20°C to -70°C. After aseptic reconstitution, this protein may be stored at 2°C to 8°C for one month or at -20°C to -70°C in a manual defrost freezer. Avoid Repeated Freeze Thaw Cycles. See Product Insert for exact lot specific storage instructions.
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Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 (IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1RA) is used in research applications to specifically inhibit the activity of interleukin-1 (IL-1), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, thereby allowing precise modulation of inflammatory responses in experimental models.
Key scientific reasons to use Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 in research:
Selective IL-1 Inhibition: IL-1RA binds to IL-1 receptors without activating them, competitively blocking both IL-1α and IL-1β signaling. This enables researchers to dissect the role of IL-1 in inflammation, autoimmunity, and tissue injury.
Modeling Disease Mechanisms: IL-1RA is widely used to study diseases where IL-1 is implicated, such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune encephalitis, and liver injury. For example, administration of recombinant IL-1RA reduces inflammation and tissue damage in models of arthritis and hepatotoxicity.
Therapeutic Evaluation: Recombinant IL-1RA is a prototype for anti-cytokine therapies. Its use in preclinical and translational studies helps evaluate the therapeutic potential of IL-1 blockade in conditions like sepsis, COVID-19, and macrophage activation syndrome.
Cytokine Network Analysis: By blocking IL-1 signaling, researchers can analyze downstream effects on cytokine networks, immune cell activation, and tissue responses, providing mechanistic insights into innate immunity and inflammatory amplification.
Safety and Efficacy Profiling: Recombinant IL-1RA has a well-characterized safety profile in animal and human studies, making it a reliable tool for intervention studies and biomarker-driven patient stratification.
Typical research applications include:
In vitro cell culture assays to study cytokine signaling and immune cell activation.
In vivo animal models to investigate the role of IL-1 in disease pathogenesis and test anti-inflammatory strategies.
Translational studies to identify patient subgroups that may benefit from IL-1 blockade, such as those with high baseline IL-1RA levels in sepsis.
Best practices:
Use recombinant IL-1RA at concentrations sufficient to saturate IL-1 receptors, as only a small fraction of receptor occupancy is needed for IL-1 signaling, but a large excess is required for effective inhibition.
Validate the specificity of IL-1RA effects by including appropriate controls and measuring downstream cytokine responses.
Summary: Using recombinant human IL-1 R4 in research enables targeted inhibition of IL-1-driven inflammation, facilitates mechanistic studies of cytokine biology, and supports therapeutic development for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Yes, Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 (also known as ST2 or IL-1RL1) can be used as a standard for quantification or calibration in ELISA assays, provided that:
The recombinant protein is suitable for use as an ELISA standard (i.e., it is purified, well-characterized, and has been validated for immunoassay applications).
The sequence and post-translational modifications of the recombinant protein are compatible with the antibodies used in your ELISA kit (especially important for sandwich ELISA).
The formulation and buffer of the recombinant protein do not interfere with the assay (e.g., avoid carriers like BSA if they might cross-react).
Key Points from Available Information:
Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 is available from several suppliers (e.g., Leinco Technologies, BioLegend, Abcam), and these are often provided in carrier-free formats suitable for use as standards.
For example, BioLegend and similar suppliers offer recombinant cytokines specifically labeled for use as ELISA standards, which are tested for purity and activity.
The molecular weight of Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 is reported to be approximately 62.5 kDa (predicted), but may appear higher (~100 kDa) on SDS-PAGE due to glycosylation.
Recommendations:
Check the product datasheet of the recombinant IL-1 R4 you are using to confirm it is suitable for ELISA standard use.
Perform a serial dilution of the recombinant protein to generate a standard curve.
Validate the standard curve by comparing it with a commercial ELISA kit standard if available.
Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles to maintain protein stability and activity.
In summary, yes, you can use Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 as a standard in your ELISA assays, as long as it is appropriate for immunoassay use and compatible with your detection system.
Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 (also known as ST2 or IL-1RL1) is a receptor involved in the IL-33 signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in type 2 inflammation and immune responses. Based on published research, the applications and biological functions validated for Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 include:
Modulation of Inflammatory Responses: IL-1 R4 signals inflammation by interacting with IL-33, which stimulates immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, B cells, Th2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. This pathway is implicated in allergic and inflammatory diseases, including asthma and atopic dermatitis.
Research in Allergic and Inflammatory Diseases: IL-1 R4 is a key target in studies investigating the pathogenesis and treatment of allergic conditions, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis, due to its role in promoting type 2 immune responses.
Immune Cell Activation and Differentiation: IL-1 R4 signaling has been shown to influence the activation and differentiation of immune cells, particularly Th2 cells, which are central to allergic inflammation.
Therapeutic Target Development: IL-1 R4 is being explored as a therapeutic target for blocking IL-33-mediated inflammation, with potential applications in developing treatments for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other inflammatory conditions.
These applications are supported by research demonstrating the role of IL-1 R4 in immune regulation and inflammation, making it a valuable tool for studying and potentially treating allergic and inflammatory diseases.
To reconstitute and prepare Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 (also known as ST2 or IL-1R4) protein for cell culture experiments, follow these general guidelines based on best practices for recombinant proteins and specific information from available product data:
1. Reconstitution
Solvent: Most recombinant proteins, including IL-1 R4, should be reconstituted with sterile, endotoxin-free water or a buffer recommended by the manufacturer (often PBS or a low-pH buffer if specified). If the product datasheet or certificate of analysis (COA) specifies a particular diluent, use that.
Procedure:
Centrifuge the lyophilized vial briefly in a microcentrifuge (20–30 seconds) before opening to ensure all powder is at the bottom.
Warm the vial to room temperature before opening to prevent condensation.
Add the recommended volume of sterile water or buffer (typically 0.1–1 mL, depending on the amount of protein and desired stock concentration).
Gently swirl or let the vial sit for a few minutes to dissolve; do not vortex or shake vigorously to avoid denaturation.
Confirm complete dissolution by visual inspection.
2. Storage
Short-term: Store the reconstituted protein at 2–8°C for up to 60 days if sterile and used within this period.
Long-term: Aliquot the reconstituted protein and store at –20°C to –70°C in a manual defrost freezer for up to 6 months. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
3. Preparation for Cell Culture
Dilution: Dilute the reconstituted protein in cell culture medium or an appropriate buffer to the desired working concentration. Use polypropylene tubes for dilutions to minimize protein loss due to adsorption.
Sterility: Ensure all steps are performed under sterile conditions if the protein will be added directly to cell cultures.
Concentration: Do not reconstitute at a concentration greater than 1 mg/mL unless specified by the manufacturer.
4. Handling Tips
Allow the reconstituted protein to incubate overnight at 4°C if solubility issues arise.
Confirm protein integrity by running a small amount on SDS-PAGE if necessary.
5. Manufacturer-Specific Notes
Always refer to the product datasheet or COA for any specific instructions regarding reconstitution, storage, and use, as protocols may vary slightly between suppliers.
By following these steps, you can ensure proper reconstitution and preparation of Recombinant Human IL-1 R4 for reliable results in cell culture experiments.
Products are for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
