Mouse IgG₁ Isotype Control [Clone HKSP] — Purified in vivo PLATINUM™ Functional Grade

Use of Clone HKSP in In Vivo Mouse Studies

Clone HKSP is a mouse IgG1 isotype control antibody. Its primary function in mouse in vivo experiments is as a negative control—specifically, it is used to distinguish specific effects of a test antibody from non-specific effects related to antibody isotype, Fc receptor binding, or other background interactions.

How It Is Used

• Negative Control: HKSP is administered to mice under the same conditions as the primary experimental antibody, but it lacks specific antigen recognition. This helps researchers confirm that observed effects are due to the specific binding of the experimental antibody and not due to general antibody characteristics.
• Background Assessment: By comparing the effects of the experimental antibody to those of HKSP, researchers can assess and correct for non-specific effects such as inflammation, immune activation, or toxicity unrelated to target binding.
• Low Endotoxin: Commercial preparations of HKSP are manufactured to have very low endotoxin levels (often below 1 EU/mg), which is critical for in vivo work to avoid confounding immune responses.
• Affinity Purified: The antibody is affinity purified (e.g., via Protein A/G chromatography) to minimize impurities that could affect experimental outcomes.

Typical Applications

• Immunotherapy Studies: HKSP is often used in studies of antibody-based therapies to demonstrate that observed immune effects are not simply due to the presence of an IgG1 antibody.
• Cell Depletion Experiments: In antibody-driven cell depletion studies, HKSP serves as a control for non-specific cell loss or activation.
• Pharmacodynamics/Pharmacokinetics: When tracking antibody distribution, clearance, or organ uptake, HKSP provides a baseline for comparison, helping to distinguish specific from non-specific biodistribution.

Summary Table

Key Point

HKSP is not a therapeutic antibody and does not target mouse tissue; rather, it is a rigorously quality-controlled reagent used to validate the specificity of experimental antibody treatments in mice. Its use is standard in preclinical in vivo antibody studies to ensure robust and interpretable results.

The correct storage temperature for sterile packaged HKSP (Heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae) is 4°C for short-term storage and -20°C for long-term storage. After resuspension, aliquots of HKSP should be stored at 4°C if they will be used within 1 month, or at -20°C if they need to be kept for up to 6 months.

• HKSP is shipped lyophilized at room temperature, but following resuspension, proper storage is essential to maintain sterility and activity.
• Store the product in a sterile, dry, and protected environment to maintain its quality, and avoid exposure to light or contaminants.

For general sterile packaging of medical or laboratory products, storage conditions should also ensure:

• Maximum room temperature not exceeding 25°C
• Dry, clean, and dust-free environment

However, for HKSP specifically, follow the manufacturer's instructions: 4°C for short-term, -20°C for long-term storage after resuspension.

Other commonly used antibodies or proteins in the literature with HKSP (most likely referring to human kinesin spindle protein, also known as Eg5/KIF11/KSP) include antibodies targeting HER2 and c-KIT, which are often used in antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) where a KSP inhibitor is the payload. Additionally, several studies utilize antibodies against various heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp60, Hsp65, Hsp90) in contexts related to cellular stress and disease.

Commonly paired antibodies/proteins with HKSP/KSP in the literature:

• HER2 Antibody: Frequently used in ADCs that deliver KSP inhibitors specifically to HER2-expressing cancer cells.
• c-KIT Antibody: Also used in ADCs with KSP inhibitor payloads, targeting c-KIT-expressing cells for selective cancer therapy.
• Heat Shock Protein Antibodies (Hsp70, Hsp60, Hsp65, Hsp90): These are widely measured in various disease states, often alongside other stress proteins to investigate immune responses or disease biomarkers.

Other Antibody and Protein Contexts:

• Antibodies against distinct isoforms or mutants of KSP/Eg5, such as those targeting resistance-associated mutations (e.g., A133D, D130V).
• Use of engineered antibodies to target KSP for biomarker detection, imaging, or therapeutic delivery.

Summary Table

If you have a specific context for "HKSP" beyond KSP/Eg5 or require details for particular experimental techniques (e.g., Western blot, immunofluorescence), please specify, as the predominant pairing in pharmaceutical and translational research involves antibodies to HER2 and c-KIT for ADCs, and heat shock proteins for broader immunological research.

Key findings from citations involving clones (HKSP) in scientific literature focus on several major areas, notably detection of clonal structures in cancer, implications for scientific publishing, and the biological and clinical impact of clone size in disease contexts.

• Cancer Research and Clonal Structure:

  • Advanced computational methods, such as XClone, enable robust detection of allele-specific copy number alterations (CNAs) from single-cell transcriptomic data, revealing complex clonal architecture and helping identify subclonal variants responsible for disease phenotypes.
  • XClone revealed distinct subclonal populations, identifying differences in allele loss, copy number gains, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) across several chromosomes, which improved the resolution of clonality over previous methods and matched whole-genome sequencing findings.
  • Clone-specific CNAs, such as gains and losses on specific chromosomal arms, were detected, offering deeper insights into the genetic diversity within tumors.

• Cloned Journals and Citation Practices:

  • The rise of cloned journals (which mirror the appearance of reputable journals but lack academic rigor) has led to an explosion in published articles, with authors primarily motivated by low-cost open access and academic credit.
  • Despite high awareness of the negative consequences—such as the spread of incorrect conclusions and the risk of motivating future poor publication practices—authors persist in submitting to cloned journals for academic advancement.
  • University Grants Commission (India) has identified and listed several such cloned journals, warning of their detrimental impact on scientific credibility.

• Clone Size in Disease Prognosis:

  • In cardiovascular research, small clonal hematopoiesis (CH) clones—well below previously defined thresholds—have strong prognostic significance for adverse outcomes such as cardiac death and all-cause mortality in heart failure and cardiomyopathy.
  • The association between clone size and prognosis has only recently been clarified with ultra-deep sequencing technology, revealing that even minuscule clones carry substantial risk, possibly by exerting “bystander effects” on neighboring wild-type cells.
  • These findings raise new questions about the mechanisms by which small clones influence disease and highlight the need for further experimental and mechanistic studies.

Summary Table: Key Findings from Clone-Related Citations

These findings underscore how cloning—both in biological and publishing contexts—significantly impacts research credibility, clinical interpretation, and disease management.