Anti-Mouse CD106 (VCAM-1) (Clone M/K-2.7) – Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade

Clone M/K-2.7 is a rat monoclonal antibody that specifically targets mouse CD106 (VCAM-1), and it is commonly used in vivo for VCAM-1 neutralization studies in mice.

Key in vivo applications in mice include:

• VCAM-1 neutralization: The primary use is blocking VCAM-1’s function, which interrupts leukocyte adhesion, migration (transmigration), and immune cell interactions within inflamed tissues.

• Modulation of inflammation models: It is frequently employed in models of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and hepatitis to test the role of VCAM-1 in disease progression, leukocyte recruitment, and tissue injury. For example, M/K-2.7 antibody administration has been reported to modulate joint inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis and exacerbate liver injury by affecting NK cell depletion.

• Immunological studies: The antibody is applied to study T cell proliferation and co-stimulation pathways mediated by VCAM-1, and to investigate immune cell trafficking in various tissues (including vasculature, brain, heart, kidney, and others).

• Vascular biology research: It is used to assess endothelial cell activation, vascular permeability, and the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular conditions such as hypertensive heart condition and subretinal fibrosis.

Additional relevant details:

• M/K-2.7 is effective for in vivo administration due to its high purity, low endotoxin, and validated neutralizing activity.
• It is also utilized for flow cytometry applications (when conjugated to fluorescent dyes), enabling detection and quantification of VCAM-1 expression on different cell types.
• Experimental readouts may include immunofluorescence (IF), ELISA, and functional assays for pathway analysis.

In summary, clone M/K-2.7 is primarily used for VCAM-1 neutralization and to dissect the role of VCAM-1 in immune cell trafficking, inflammation, and cardiovascular or tissue injury models in mice.

The M/K-2.7 antibody targets mouse CD106 (VCAM-1), and in published research, it is frequently used with other antibodies and proteins related to immune cell markers, endothelial cell markers, and adhesion molecules, depending on specific study aims.

Commonly co-used antibodies/proteins include:

• CD49d (VLA-4) and CD29 (β1 integrin): These are VCAM-1 ligands and are often studied together to explore leukocyte adhesion and transmigration.
• CD45 and CD4/CD8: Markers for specific leukocyte (especially T cell) populations, used to characterize immune cell infiltration and tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM).
• ICAM-1 (CD54): Another major adhesion molecule on endothelial cells, frequently examined alongside VCAM-1 in studies of inflammation and transmigration.
• Endothelial cell markers (e.g., CD31/PECAM-1): Used to confirm endothelial cell identity when studying VCAM-1 expression or function.
• NK cell markers (e.g., NK1.1 in mouse): In experiments depleting natural killer cells, M/K-2.7 for VCAM-1 may be paired with anti-NK1.1 antibodies.
• Cytokines and stimulating agents: Recombinant TNF-α or IL-1β used to induce VCAM-1 expression on cells prior to antibody testing.

Experimental applications:

• Flow cytometry (FACS): Frequently involves panels including M/K-2.7 with anti-CD45, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-NK1.1, and anti-CD31.
• Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry: M/K-2.7 is often paired with other cell type-specific or activation-specific antibodies.
• Functional/neutralization assays: Anti-VCAM-1 used alongside blocking antibodies against ICAM-1, VLA-4, or other adhesion molecules to dissect specific pathways.

Summary Table: Common co-used targets/proteins

The panel composition may vary based on whether the study focuses on immunology, vascular biology, or in vivo cell trafficking. For additional details on experimental combinations, flow panels, or molecular interactions, review primary literature or specific protocols cited in the manufacturer datasheets.

The clone M/K-2.7 is a widely cited rat monoclonal antibody targeting mouse CD106 (VCAM-1), primarily used for research on vascular biology, inflammation, immune cell trafficking, and transplant immunology.

Key findings from scientific literature using clone M/K-2.7 include:

• VCAM-1 Characterization and Detection: M/K-2.7 specifically binds to mouse VCAM-1 (aka CD106), a 110 kDa glycoprotein upregulated on vascular endothelium during inflammation. This property enables sensitive detection of VCAM-1 expression in various tissues under physiological and pathological conditions.

• Mechanistic Studies in Inflammation and Transplantation:

  • Anti-inflammatory/protective effects: Functional use of M/K-2.7 to block VCAM-1 shows that VCAM-1 is critical for leukocyte adhesion, transmigration, and T cell co-stimulation. Blocking it reduces leukocyte infiltration in inflamed tissues.
  • Transplant rejection models: M/K-2.7 has been shown to prolong allograft survival in several mouse models, including islet and cardiac transplantation, correlating with decreased immune cell infiltration and attenuated rejection. For instance, treatment with M/K-2.7 extended islet graft survival by over 100 days and cardiac graft survival by five days in mice.
  • Domain specificity: M/K-2.7 binds specifically to Ig-like domains 1 and 4 of VCAM-1, providing key evidence for their role in leukocyte migration and immune cell trafficking during transplantation and inflammation.

• Experimental Applications: The M/K-2.7 antibody is frequently cited for:

  • In vivo neutralization of VCAM-1 function in mouse models.
  • Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry to localize VCAM-1 expression in tissue sections and cell culture.

• Molecular Interactions: Research using M/K-2.7 reinforces that VCAM-1 interacts with integrins α4β1 (VLA-4) and α4β7, which mediate immune cell adhesion and transmigration—pivotal processes in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity.

In summary: Clone M/K-2.7 has been foundational in demonstrating VCAM-1’s roles in endothelial activation, immune cell migration, graft rejection, and in providing a valuable tool for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of immune responses in mouse disease models.

Dosing regimens of clone M/K-2.7 (anti-mouse CD106/VCAM-1) vary by disease model, study aim, and can differ in frequency, dose, and administration route in mouse studies. The most frequently reported regimen is:

• 0.1–0.2 mg (100–200 μg) per mouse, administered intraperitoneally every 2 days for 14 days.

Variations Across Mouse Models

• Cardiac Dysfunction Model:
  In studies assessing cardiac function in mice, M/K-2.7 was administered at 0.1 or 0.2 mg per mouse, intraperitoneally, once every 2 days, for 14 days. This dosing led to dose-dependent improvement in cardiac dysfunction and reduction in myocardial fibrosis, indicating both a pharmacological and physiological effect at these typical doses.

• Viral Infection/Immune Cell Depletion Models:
  For studies examining tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), or in vivo natural killer (NK) cell depletion, M/K-2.7 was used to manipulate immune cell populations. The published sources do not specify the exact dose and interval for these models, but the use of "in vivo depletion" protocols commonly employs similar dosing (100–200 μg per dose, repeated over several days), consistent with immunology literature standards.

• Other Disease Models:
  When used as a blocking or neutralizing antibody in research (e.g., inflammation, autoimmune, or cancer models), M/K-2.7's dosing is often adopted from prior literature, with 100–200 μg per mouse as the baseline, given every 2–3 days by intraperitoneal route for one to several weeks depending on experimental timeline.

Considerations

• Route: The typical administration route is intraperitoneal injection, favored for good bioavailability and ease of repeat dosing in mice.
• Duration and Frequency: Most protocols use dosing every 2–3 days to maintain adequate antibody levels, considering the mouse IgG clearance rate.
• Dose Adjustment: Doses may be adjusted upward or downward based on preliminary titration experiments or according to the acute/chronic phase of the disease model.

Mechanistic Note

Clone M/K-2.7 is a rat IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds and neutralizes mouse VCAM-1, potentially affecting immune cell adhesion and trafficking, so its use can influence results in various disease and immunological contexts.

Summary Table: Reported Regimens

Reported regimens for clone M/K-2.7 remain relatively consistent in dosing amount and frequency, with small adjustments for disease model or experimental goals. If highly specific regimens for other disease models or genetically modified mice are required, consult recent primary literature matching your research focus.