Mouse IgG₁ Isotype Control [Clone HKSP] — Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade

Clone HKSP is a mouse IgG1 isotype control antibody that is primarily used in in vivo mouse studies as an immunological negative control to validate the specificity of experimental antibodies and to account for nonspecific binding or immune effects due to the Fc portion of antibodies.

Key details on its use:

• Purpose: It acts as a control in experiments where a mouse IgG1 antibody is used to ensure that observed effects are due to the antigen-specific antibody, not to nonspecific binding or other properties of mouse IgG1.
• In Vivo Suitability: Clone HKSP is specifically manufactured and tested for in vivo use, with low levels of endotoxin (which is critical for minimizing inflammatory responses that could confound results).
• Application: Typical experimental contexts include studies on immune cell targeting, depletion, checkpoint blockade, and therapies involving monoclonal antibodies—particularly when using a mouse IgG1 backbone, where clone HKSP would be administered to control animals or groups parallel to the experimental antibody.
• Testing and Validation: Manufacturers confirm that HKSP shows minimal cross-reactivity with other species' cells and tissues, which is important for avoiding unintended effects in preclinical mouse models.

Summary:
In in vivo mouse studies, clone HKSP is injected as an irrelevant (non-antigen-binding) control antibody, matching the isotype, class, and format of the experimental antibody. This enables researchers to distinguish between effects that are specific to their antibody of interest and background effects from immunoglobulin administration itself. There is no evidence in the search results that HKSP is used as a targeting or therapeutic antibody—it serves entirely as a negative, isotype-matched control.

The correct storage temperature for heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP) in sterile packaging depends on the storage duration:

• For short-term storage (up to 1 month), it should be stored at 4°C.
• For long-term storage (up to 6 months), it should be stored at -20°C in aliquots after resuspension.

These specifications are directly from the manufacturer and are typical for biological research reagents provided in sterile, lyophilized form. Always consult the manufacturer’s documentation for your specific product lot, and follow sterile handling procedures when aliquoting.

Commonly used antibodies or proteins with HKSP (presumably human kinesin spindle protein, also known as KSP or Eg5) in the literature include antibodies and fusion constructs targeting cellular markers, housekeeping proteins, and proteins involved in cell division or stress response, depending on the research context.

Key proteins and antibodies commonly paired with HKSP/KSP:

• Tubulin: As KSP is a mitotic kinesin involved in spindle apparatus formation, anti-tubulin antibodies (usually ?-tubulin or ?-tubulin) are frequently used to visualize microtubules alongside KSP localization or function studies.
• Phospho-Histone H3 (pH3): An established marker for mitotic chromatin; often co-stained with KSP to identify dividing cells and evaluate spindle checkpoint function.
• Aurora Kinases (e.g., Aurora B): Mitotic kinases frequently analyzed in parallel with KSP to assess mitotic progression or spindle assembly checkpoint activity.
• Actin (Phalloidin stain or anti-actin antibodies): Sometimes used to define cell boundaries or study cytoskeletal dynamics alongside spindle and KSP visualization.
• Housekeeping proteins (like GAPDH, PPIB): Used as loading controls in Western blots involving HKSP/KSP studies.

In antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) and targeting studies:

• Antibodies against cell surface proteins (e.g., HER2/neu, CD33, TENB2): Used to deliver KSP inhibitors directly to tumor cells via antibody conjugates, with KSP inhibitors as cytotoxic payloads.
• For mechanistic or cellular specificity validation, researchers may use endosomal markers (such as EEA1) or lysosomal markers (LAMP1) to monitor internalization or trafficking of HKSP-targeted conjugates.

In stress or autoimmune studies (if interpreting HKSP as “heat shock protein K,” though this is less likely from context):

• Antibodies against Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, and related chaperones are widely employed in disease and stress-response investigations.

Summary table:

If you have a more specific HKSP context or experimental approach in mind, I can refine this list accordingly.

Key findings associated with clone HKSP in scientific literature are not clearly defined in current search results, and the term "clone HKSP" itself does not appear directly in the cited sources. It is possible there is a misinterpretation or a lack of visibility for "clone HKSP" in widely indexed biomedical or scientific databases.

However, the search results provide several relevant findings regarding clonal expansions and cloning of cells in medical science:

• Small clonal hematopoiesis (CH) clones (much below previously used variant allele frequency [VAF] thresholds) have been shown to have prognostic significance in cardiovascular conditions, including dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart failure, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The detection of very small clones is now possible with ultrasensitive molecular inversion probe sequencing, which has shown that even clones with VAFs as low as 0.01% are associated with significantly increased risks of cardiac death and all-cause mortality (98% and 69% increased risk, respectively, after adjustments).

• The importance of ultra-deep sequencing technology is highlighted, as traditional sequencing methods would have *missed many small, yet clinically important, clones**.

• Mechanisms underlying the expansion and impact of small clones include:

  • Expansion under stress or over time, potentially leading to greater biological impact.
  • Possible bystander effects on neighboring wild-type cells, promoting inflammation or altered differentiation, as demonstrated with mutant DNMT3A clones.
  • Small clones might serve as markers of genome instability even when their direct biological impact is uncertain.

• Regarding cloning of gastrointestinal stem cells, recent advances enable the establishment of almost homogeneous libraries of stem cell clones from small biopsies, maintaining their immature, proliferative state. This allows for large-scale expansion, lineage tracing, and in-depth disease modeling, which could be applied to a range of biomedical questions.

If you intended “clone HKSP” to refer to a particular gene, microbial strain, plasmid, or specialized clone used in a specific context, these details did not surface in the search results. Please clarify or provide more context for a targeted answer.

In summary:

• Sensitive detection and clinical significance of small clones in disease prognosis is a key recent scientific finding.
• Advanced methods for expanding and analyzing stem cell clones have enabled deeper exploration of tissue development and disease.
• No results specifically identify or describe "clone HKSP" itself; if it is a specialized term or organism, more detail is needed for precise citation.