Anti-Mouse/Human CD49d (Clone PS/2) – Purified in vivo PLATINUM™ Functional Grade

Clone PS/2, directed against mouse CD49d (also known as Integrin α4 or VLA-4), is commonly used in in vivo mouse studies for several applications:

1. VLA-4 Neutralization: The PS/2 antibody is useful for neutralizing VLA-4 interactions in vivo. This is particularly important in studies involving cell adhesion and migration, as VLA-4 plays a crucial role in these processes.

2. Immune System Studies: Given its specificity for CD49d, which is expressed on various immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, etc.), the PS/2 clone is beneficial in research focused on immune modulation and cell trafficking.

3. Cancer Research: By blocking VLA-4 interactions, PS/2 can be used to study the role of this integrin in tumor progression and metastasis.

4. Autoimmune Disease Models: The antibody can be applied to models of autoimmune diseases to assess the impact of VLA-4 blockade on disease progression.

5. Stem Cell Research: PS/2 might be used to study the role of VLA-4 in stem cell homing and migration within the body.

Overall, the PS/2 clone is versatile and can be employed in a broad range of in vivo research applications involving mouse models.

Commonly used antibodies or proteins with PS/2 in the literature typically fall into two distinct scientific contexts:

• Presenilin 2 (PSEN2 or PS2): Seen in Alzheimer's and neurobiology research.
• pS2 (TFF1/Trefoil Factor 1): Used in cancer biology and gastrointestinal studies.

Antibodies-proteins most frequently used with Presenilin 2 (PS2/PSEN2)

Researchers commonly use PS2 antibodies together with:

• Presenilin 1 (PSEN1): For comparative studies of the two presenilins involved in gamma-secretase function and amyloid-beta production.
• Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP): Since presenilins directly influence APP processing related to Alzheimer's pathology.
• Notch receptor: Presenilins regulate Notch cleavage; Notch antibodies are used to study this pathway.
• Gamma-secretase complex proteins: Antibodies against nicastrin, PEN-2, and APH-1, components of the gamma-secretase complex, may be included for mechanistic studies.

Antibodies/proteins used with pS2/TFF1

Research using pS2 antibodies (TFF1) in cancer or GI studies frequently pairs them with:

• Estrogen receptor (ER): pS2 expression is estrogen-inducible, especially in breast and other hormone-responsive cancers.
• Chromogranin A: Used as a neuroendocrine marker alongside pS2 in tumor tissue characterization.
• Other trefoil factors (TFF2, TFF3): Family proteins investigated together for their role in mucosal healing and protection.
• Other cancer markers: Including cytokeratins, Ki67 (proliferation marker), and E-cadherin, when building molecular pathology panels.
• Additional tissue or cell markers: When pS2 expression is assessed across multiple tissue types or cell lines, especially in studies of bladder, gastric, ovarian, cervical, and prostate cancers.

Essential context

• The choice of companion antibody/protein varies by study focus.
  In neuroscience, PS2 antibodies are paired with gamma-secretase pathway components and Alzheimer's-related proteins.
  In oncology and gastroenterology, pS2/TFF1 antibodies are paired with hormonal, epithelial, and other trefoil factor markers.

If you meant phosphatidylserine/prothrombin (PS/PT) antibodies in autoimmune or APS (antiphospholipid syndrome) research, these are commonly compared or used together with:

• Anti-β2-glycoprotein I (β2GpI) antibodies
• Anti-cardiolipin (aCL) antibodies
• Lupus anticoagulant (LAC) tests

Table: Most common antibody/protein pairs by PS/2 context

In summary, the context of “PS/2” will determine which antibodies or proteins are typically used together in the literature. Most panels contain markers reflecting either related biology (pathway components) or diagnostic criteria relevant to the disease area under study.

Key Findings from Clone PS/2 Citations

No direct scientific literature from your provided search results references any research findings or applications specifically for a product, antibody, or biological tool labeled as "clone PS/2." The only mention is from a commercial source, Leinco, which lists an "Anti-Mouse/Human CD49d (Clone PS/2)" antibody but does not present scientific findings, only product specifications.

Contextual Clarifications

• No Peer-Reviewed Data: There are no available peer-reviewed studies in your search results that report experimental data, clinical applications, or basic science findings for clone PS/2, whether it refers to an antibody, cell line, or other reagent.
• Possible Misidentification: The term "PS/2" may also refer to other scientific entities, such as the presenilin 2 gene (PS2) or the trefoil factor (pS2), but your query specifically references "clone PS/2," which is typically used to denote a monoclonal antibody clone. These unrelated genes are not clones and have extensive literature, but this does not pertain to your query.
• Commercial Reference: Leinco's product listing confirms the existence of a clone PS/2 antibody (targeting CD49d, also known as integrin α4), but no experimental findings are cited in your search results, and there is no direct evidence this clone has been used in published scientific research included here.

Summary Table

Conclusion

Based on the provided search results, there are no key scientific findings from clone PS/2 citations in the literature. The only reference is to a commercial antibody product, with no associated peer-reviewed research data or experimental outcomes included in your results. If you are seeking findings from a specific study or application of clone PS/2, please clarify the context, as the term may be ambiguous or require further specification.

Dosing regimens for clone PS/2, which targets CD49d (VLA-4 α chain), vary across different mouse models based on factors such as total dose, frequency of administration, and duration of treatment. These variations are influenced by the specific mouse strain, age, and application of the antibody (e.g., depletion vs. other uses).

Key Variables in Dosing Regimens:

• Total Dose: The dose can range from 100 to 500 µg per mouse, depending on the experimental goals and mouse strain.
• Frequency: Administration can be weekly or bi-weekly, tailored to the experimental design and mouse physiology.
• Duration: Treatment duration is determined by the specific study objectives and the health status of the mice.

Application-Specific Dosing:

• Depletion Studies: Higher doses or more frequent administration might be used to effectively deplete targeted cells.
• Other Applications: Lower doses or less frequent administration might be suitable for modulating immune responses without complete depletion.

These variations ensure that the dosing regimen is optimized for the specific requirements of each mouse model, enhancing the validity and reliability of the research findings.