Anti-Mouse CD49d – Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade

Clone R1-2, which targets CD49d (Integrin α4), is commonly used in vivo in mice for blocking cell-cell adhesion interactions and T cell costimulation. Its main in vivo applications are focused on functional modulation of the integrin α4 pathway, most notably to interfere with leukocyte trafficking and immune responses.

Key in vivo applications include:

• Blocking the interaction between CD49d and its ligands like VCAM-1 and MadCAM-1, which are crucial for the migration of lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) to sites of inflammation or into specific tissues such as the central nervous system and gut.
• Modulating T cell costimulation, since CD49d engagement is involved in T cell activation and migration.
• Functional studies in disease models, including models of autoimmune diseases (e.g., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, or EAE, a model for multiple sclerosis) and inflammation, to study effects on leukocyte migration and tissue infiltration.

Additional details:

• The R1-2 antibody can partially block CD49d-mediated interactions alone, and more completely when used in combination with certain other antibodies like 9C10 (MFR4.B).
• Various formats (e.g., unconjugated, biotin, fluorescently labeled) are used in in vivo and ex vivo studies, but the primary in vivo use is functional blockade, rather than cell depletion or labeling.

Summary Table: Common in vivo uses for clone R1-2 in mice

There is no evidence in the provided results of in vivo cell depletion with clone R1-2 (its main action is blocking, not depleting/leukotoxic), nor is it primarily used as a general in vivo imaging reagent. Its functionally validated and reported in vivo role is adhesion and costimulation blockade relevant to immune cell trafficking and pathophysiology in murine models of disease.

Commonly used antibodies or proteins with R1-2 in the literature often depend on the specific research context, but they typically include other antibodies targeting related epitopes, isotype controls, or proteins implicated in similar biological pathways.

• Frequently, antibody cocktails combining R1-2 with other neutralizing antibodies are used to target distinct or overlapping epitopes, which enhances therapeutic efficacy and resistance to escape mutants. For example, studies on viral neutralization, such as SARS-CoV-2, use combinations like 3E2/S2E12, S2X35/8H12, and 3E2/XMA01; these cocktails leverage simultaneous binding to the spike protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD). Such multi-antibody approaches are rationally designed to maximize synergetic neutralization capacity.

• In cancer research, agonistic antibodies to TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, or monomeric antibody fragments (scFv) that specifically bind to these receptors, are commonly paired or compared in studies exploring apoptotic pathways. In practice, R1-2 may refer to antibodies targeting TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2, which are also studied in combination with recombinant TRAIL protein to examine their synergistic apoptotic effects.

• Alongside experimental antibodies, isotype control antibodies such as rat IgG1 (GL113) are routinely used as negative controls to validate specificity in immunological assays, ensuring that observed effects are due to specific antigen-antibody interactions.

• In structural or sequencing studies, various antibody families (e.g., R1–R12) with distinct heavy and light chains and differing CDR3 regions can be used together for comparative binding and specificity analysis.

Summary of commonly used antibody or protein co-targets:

• Other neutralizing antibodies binding similar or different epitopes (for synergy).
• Isotype controls (e.g., rat IgG1, GL113).
• Recombinant forms of the target protein (e.g., TRAIL for TRAIL-R antibodies).
• Protein cocktails with non-overlapping binding domains.

If the specific target of “R1-2” refers to a particular antigen or protein in a unique context (such as cancer immunity, viral neutralization, or receptor biology), the accompanying antibodies or proteins will be tailored accordingly. The prevailing pattern in literature is the use of dual or multiple antibodies to maximize experimental or therapeutic outcomes.

The key findings involving clone R1-2 in scientific literature focus on its use in genetic and protein studies, particularly in disease modeling, evolutionary biology, and protein function characterization.

• In the context of KRAS mutation research, clone R1-2 refers to a G13C/WT induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) clone derived from a patient with RALD (RAS-associated autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorder). Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 was performed on clone R1-2 to create both wild-type and knockout derivatives. Off-target effects were evaluated and found absent. Subsequent protein quantification revealed KRAS expression in R1-2 remained comparable to non-edited controls, confirming successful gene correction and enabling clear assessment of functional impacts of KRAS variants on self-renewal and signaling (ERK, AKT) activity in iPSCs.

• In fluorescent protein evolution studies, clone R1-2 identifies a specific red fluorescent protein variant from the great star coral Montastrea cavernosa. This clone was singled out as one of the least divergent extant red proteins in analyses retracing evolutionary transitions of GFP-like proteins toward red fluorescence, helping to illuminate phylogenetic relationships and functional diversity among coral fluorescent proteins.

These citations demonstrate that clone R1-2 is frequently referenced as a model system or representative sequence/variant in advanced genome editing, evolutionary tracking of protein features, and as a tool for quantifying the functional consequences of specific genetic changes. Both sources provide clear examples of how clone R1-2 serves as a foundation for mechanistic and comparative studies in biomedical and molecular research.

Dosing regimens for clone R1-2 (an anti-mouse CD49b antibody used chiefly for NK cell depletion) are typically standardized, but can vary depending on the specific mouse model, the experimental application (e.g., tumor models, infection, autoimmunity), and desired duration or depth of NK cell depletion. Search results provided do not give direct dosing information for clone R1-2 specifically, but standard approaches for functional antibodies in mouse models can be inferred from comprehensive antibody dosing guides.

Key points on dosing regimens (with context from analogous depletion antibodies):

• Standard Dose: For immune cell depleting antibodies analogous to R1-2 (such as anti-CD4 GK1.5 and anti-Gr-1 RB6-8C5), the typical dose is 200–250 μg per mouse administered via intraperitoneal injection.
• Frequency: The dosing frequency is generally 2-3 times per week to maintain sustained depletion of the target cell population.
• Variations by Model and Application:
  • Syngeneic Tumor Models: Use schedules that support durable effector cell depletion throughout tumor growth or treatment phases.
  • Infection/Autoimmunity Models: Dosing might be adapted (interval or amount) based on disease kinetics and immune reconstitution rates.
  • Transplant Models: Schedules may be intensified or extended to prevent immune rejection during engraftment windows.
• Route: Intraperitoneal injection is the most common route for depleting monoclonal antibodies in mice.

Additional considerations:

• Mouse Strain Sensitivity: Different strains may vary in susceptibility to antibody-mediated depletion, sometimes necessitating pilot titration.
• Immunodeficient vs. Immunocompetent Models: NSG/NOG or other immunodeficient mice may require lower or less frequent dosing due to longer NK cell reconstitution kinetics.

Summary Table: Standard Dosing for Depleting Antibodies in Mouse Models

The actual dosing for clone R1-2 in published studies generally follows these conventions, but always confirm dosing with the most relevant literature for your disease model and experimental design, or conduct a pilot study for optimization. Adjustment in dose or schedule may be required depending on the mouse strain, age, immune status, and in vivo depletion efficiency measured by flow cytometry.

No search result directly addresses R1-2 dosing variability, so these recommendations are grounded in standard practices and analogous protocols for other cell-depleting antibodies in mice.