Anti-Mouse Galectin-9 (Clone RG9-1) – Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade

Clone RG9-1 is most commonly employed in vivo in mice to block or neutralize galectin-9 activity, enabling researchers to study galectin-9's role in various physiological and disease settings.

Key in vivo applications include:

• Cancer research: RG9-1 is used to inhibit galectin-9 in mouse models of cancer (e.g., pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer). This blockade slows tumor progression, extends survival, and is often combined with other immunotherapeutic agents to study synergistic effects.
• Immunology studies: RG9-1 is used to dissect and modulate galectin-9's functions in the immune system. Galectin-9 is expressed on a variety of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and others. RG9-1 allows investigation into galectin-9’s roles in:
  • Inducing cytokine production by macrophages
  • Regulating T cell subsets (negative regulation of Th1, Th17, NK, and cytotoxic T cells; expansion of regulatory T cells)
  • Promoting dendritic cell maturation
• Autoimmunity and inflammation: By blocking galectin-9, RG9-1 is used to model and investigate mechanisms in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, assessing how galectin-9 modulation impacts disease severity and immune regulation.
• Infectious disease models: RG9-1 can also be applied in studies examining galectin-9’s involvement in host-pathogen interactions and immune evasion.

Experimental features:

• RG9-1 is a rat IgG2b monoclonal antibody with high specificity and purity, formulated with ultra-low endotoxin levels for safe in vivo use.
• The antibody is suitable for both short-term and long-term administration in mice, and pathogen testing ensures colony safety.
• Galectin-9 acts as a ligand for TIM-3 (CD366), making RG9-1 valuable in studies involving checkpoint biology and immune tolerance mechanisms.

Summary of typical use:

• RG9-1 is administered to mice, either alone or in combination with other agents, to experimentally inhibit galectin-9. This enables detailed functional studies of galectin-9 in tumor immunology, general immune response, inflammation, and autoimmune processes.

If you need details about dosing, readouts, or specific disease models, please clarify further.

The antibodies and proteins most commonly used with RG9-1 in the literature are PD-1, TIM-3, GITR, and PD-L1, as well as other galectins and additional Gal-9 antibodies used as controls or for comparative studies. These combinations are especially prevalent in mechanistic and therapeutic immunology research targeting immune checkpoint pathways.

Key co-studied antibodies/proteins with RG9-1 include:

• Anti-PD-1: Frequently used in immune checkpoint blockade experiments, often compared or combined with RG9-1 to investigate synergistic effects on T cell regulation and tumor suppression.
• Anti-TIM-3: Studied due to the interaction between Galectin-9 and TIM-3 in T cell apoptosis, although direct combination therapy is less common because of pathway overlap.
• GITR agonists (e.g., DTA-1): Used in combination with RG9-1 in preclinical tumor models to enhance clonal expansion of T cells and memory response, with synergistic anti-tumor effects reported.
• Anti-PD-L1: Combined sequentially with RG9-1 to improve survival in mouse models, indicating enhanced efficacy compared to monotherapies.
• Other galectins and galectin antibodies: RG9-1 is often compared to other Gal-9 antibodies (e.g., Gal-Nab1, Gal-Nab2, RG9-35) and used alongside antibodies targeting related lectin family members to dissect specificity and functional roles.

Additional details:

• In mechanistic studies, combinations help clarify Gal-9’s immune functions and potential as a therapeutic target.
• Comparative use of other commercial Gal-9 antibodies (such as Gal-Nab series or RG9-35) serves as specificity controls and supports therapeutic antibody development.
• Emerging antibody clones (e.g., 292-13, 292-18A) show high affinity and specificity and are used for functional blocking, staining, and apoptosis assays alongside RG9-1 in research on T cell death and immune modulation.

In summary, RG9-1 is routinely used in combination studies with checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1, PD-L1, TIM-3), co-stimulatory receptor antibodies (GITR), and other Gal-9/galectin antibodies, especially for preclinical cancer immunotherapy and mechanistic exploration of T cell regulation.

Clone RG9-1 is a monoclonal antibody highly cited in immunology literature for its specificity to mouse galectin-9, a protein involved in immune regulation. Key findings from RG9-1 citations focus on its role as a research tool, its blocking functionality, and applications in studying immune responses and disease models.

• Specificity and Function

  • RG9-1 is a rat IgG2b monoclonal antibody that specifically binds mouse galectin-9 with high affinity and low endotoxin levels, making it suitable for both in vivo and in vitro applications.
  • It is widely used to block galectin-9 function in mouse models, enabling researchers to investigate galectin-9’s biological roles in immune regulation, including suppression of IL-17-producing effector T helper cells and modulation of T cell apoptosis.

• Blocking Galectin-9 Pathways

  • RG9-1 is frequently employed as a neutralizing antibody in immune checkpoint research. In studies of T cell regulation, the antibody is used to inhibit galectin-9 interactions with its immune receptors, such as TIM-3 (CD366) and PD-1, which are critical in controlling T cell activation, exhaustion, and apoptosis.
  • Its use in experimental settings allows for elucidation of galectin-9’s role as a ligand in modulating immune cell activity, particularly in studies modeling autoimmune disease, cancer, and inflammatory responses.

• Applications in Biomedical Research

  • RG9-1 facilitates research into a wide spectrum of conditions where galectin-9 is implicated, such as cancer immunology, xenotransplantation (e.g., ischemia-reperfusion injury), and general inflammation.
  • Commercial sources emphasize its use in blocking assays, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and functional studies in mouse models, thanks to its ultra-low endotoxin levels and purity.

• Antigen Distribution

  • Galectin-9, the RG9-1 target, is broadly expressed on immune cells (T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells), as well as other tissue types (astrocytes, mast cells, endothelial and epithelial cells), highlighting RG9-1’s wide applicability for mouse tissue studies.

• Experimental Controls

  • RG9-1 is often cited as a positive control antibody for mouse galectin-9 in ELISA and other immunoassays, confirming specificity and lack of cross-reactivity with other galectins.

In summary, RG9-1’s key literature citations underscore its critical role as a tool to dissect galectin-9’s function in mouse models, support immune pathway research, and enable controlled experimental blocking of galectin-9-related biology, especially in the context of immune regulation, cancer, and inflammation.

Dosing Regimens of Clone RG9-1 for Mouse Models

There is limited published data on explicit dosing regimens for the anti-mouse Galectin-9 clone RG9-1 across different mouse models. The available information is sparse and primarily derived from broad recommendations and indirect evidence.

Evidence from Published Studies

Direct Dosing Example:
One study using clone RG9-1 reports a regimen of 6 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), three times per week for seven weeks in female C57BL/6 mice with leukemia. This regimen significantly delayed leukemia progression, suggesting efficacy at this dose and schedule in this specific C57BL/6 leukemia model.

Hypothetical Starting Points:
For novel clones like RG9-1, it is common practice to start dosing at the lower end of typical in vivo antibody ranges (often 1–5 mg/kg), then titrate based on observed efficacy and tolerability in pilot experiments. This approach is especially relevant when no published, model-specific data exist—which appears to be the case for most mouse models outside of the cited leukemia study.

General In Vivo Antibody Dosing Guidance

While not specific to RG9-1, standard in vivo dosing for monoclonal antibodies in mice often falls in the range of 100–500 μg per mouse per dose (roughly 5–25 mg/kg, depending on mouse weight), administered every 2–4 days. However, these guidelines are established for well-characterized checkpoint antibodies (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4), not for anti-Galectin-9.

Variability Across Mouse Models

• Model-Specific Differences: Dosing requirements can vary dramatically depending on the disease model (e.g., solid tumors vs. hematologic malignancies), the aggressiveness of the disease, and the specific immune context.
• Route and Frequency: The i.p. route is common, but other routes (intravenous, intratumoral) may be explored for different models. Frequency is typically 2–3 times per week, but optimal schedules must be empirically determined for each model.
• Titration Required: Since Galectin-9 biology and the pharmacology of RG9-1 are not as well established as for PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 antibodies, researchers are generally advised to conduct dose-finding studies for each new model.

Summary Table: Known and Recommended Dosing

Key Conclusions

• The only published RG9-1 dosing regimen is 6 mg/kg i.p., three times per week for seven weeks in a C57BL/6 leukemia model.
• For other mouse models, start with a lower dose (1–5 mg/kg) and titrate based on efficacy and tolerability, as no direct data are available.
• Dosing frequency and route should follow general in vivo antibody best practices unless model-specific data suggest otherwise.
• Empirical testing remains essential due to the lack of comprehensive, cross-model dosing data for RG9-1.

Researchers are strongly encouraged to consult the literature for their specific disease model and to perform pilot dose-ranging studies when using RG9-1 in new contexts.