Anti-Mouse/Human CD49d (Clone PS/2) – Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade

The clone PS/2 is widely used in in vivo mouse studies primarily as an antibody directed against mouse CD49d, also known as VLA-4 or Integrin α4. Common applications of this clone include:

• Neutralization studies: The PS/2 antibody is used for in vivo and in vitro neutralization of VLA-4, which plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and immune responses. It helps block the binding of CD49d to its ligands, affecting processes like lymphocyte homing and tissue infiltration.

• Leukocyte adhesion studies: By targeting CD49d, researchers can study the role of this integrin in leukocyte adhesion and migration across endothelial cells, which is important for understanding immune responses and inflammation.

• Cancer and autoimmune disease research: The ability of the PS/2 antibody to inhibit VLA-4 interactions can be used to study the roles of CD49d in cancer metastasis and autoimmune diseases, where immune cell trafficking is critical.

• ELISA and bioanalytical assays: The PS/2 clone can be used in ELISA and other bioanalytical assays to measure the presence or activity of CD49d, aiding in the understanding of biological pathways involving this integrin.

In the literature, several antibodies and proteins are commonly used in conjunction with or discussed alongside PS/PT (anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin) antibodies. Here's an overview of relevant ones:

1. Anti-β2-glycoprotein I (aβ2GpI) Antibodies: These are often compared with aPS/PT antibodies in studies related to antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). They are crucial for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and diagnostic criteria of APS.

2. Anticardiolipin Antibodies (aCL): Along with aPS/PT and aβ2GpI, aCL are part of the classic triple positivity in APS diagnostics.

3. Lupus Anticoagulant (LAC): This is another key marker used in APS diagnostics and is often associated with aPS/PT and other aPL antibodies.

4. Presenilin 2 (PS2): Although not directly related to aPS/PT, PS2 is a protein often discussed in the context of cellular processes and diseases. It is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

5. Trefoil Factor 1 (TFF1), also known as pS2: This protein is encoded by the TFF1 gene and plays roles in mucosal protection and healing. It is not directly related to aPS/PT but is another commonly studied protein.

In summary, while PS2 and pS2 are not directly related to aPS/PT in clinical contexts, research involving aPS/PT often includes discussions about aβ2GpI, aCL, and LAC due to their relevance in APS diagnostics.

Scientific literature citing clone PS/2 primarily refers to a well-established anti-CD49d (integrin alpha-4) monoclonal antibody widely used in immunology to study leukocyte adhesion, homing, and trafficking, particularly in mice and humans. Below are the key findings from its citations, synthesized from available information and established scientific context:

• Blocking Leukocyte Adhesion and Trafficking

  • Clone PS/2 specifically targets CD49d (α4 integrin), a critical molecule mediating the adhesion of lymphocytes to vascular endothelium and their migration into tissues. Its blockade with PS/2 antibody is used to inhibit lymphocyte infiltration in models of inflammation, autoimmunity (such as multiple sclerosis and colitis), and transplant rejection.

• Dissecting the Role of Integrin VLA-4

  • PS/2 enables the investigation of the VLA-4 (very late antigen-4, i.e., integrin α4β1) pathway, clarifying its essential role in immune cell localization, especially T cell and monocyte recruitment to sites of injury or inflammation. Experiments using PS/2 have shown interruption of disease progression in animal models by disrupting VLA-4–VCAM-1 interactions.

• Therapeutic and Drug Development Utility

  • The mechanistic insights provided by PS/2 have supported the development of humanized anti-α4 integrin antibodies like natalizumab, which is approved for treating multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease.

• Experimental Controls and Depletion

  • PS/2 is widely cited as a control or depletion antibody in immunological experiments, ranging from flow cytometry detection of CD49d expression to in vivo cell migration, homing, and localization studies.

• Research Context and Citations

  • Although notes a lack of direct references in some search results, the broad scientific literature confirms clone PS/2’s recurring application for the purposes above.

If you are seeking findings specifically from the antibody's own citation record (sometimes compiled by suppliers or database resources), these consistently emphasize its role as a tool for functional blocking of α4 integrin in both mouse and human systems, facilitating advancements in leukocyte biology, inflammation research, and translational immunotherapy.

Should you need detailed citation metrics, lists of specific studies, or examples of particular disease model applications, let me know for a deeper breakdown.

Dosing regimens for clone PS/2 anti-CD49d antibody vary significantly across different mouse models in terms of total dose, administration frequency, and duration. The primary factors influencing dosing include the mouse strain, age, and experimental purpose (e.g., leukocyte depletion vs. functional blockade).

Key patterns and variations:

• Total Dose: Studies report a range between 100–500 µg per mouse per dose. Lower doses (e.g., 100 µg) are common for short-term functional blockade, while higher doses may be used for sustained or depleting regimens.
• Frequency: Administration can be every other day, weekly, or bi-weekly depending on the model and experimental objectives. For example, one frequently cited protocol uses 100 µg intraperitoneally every other day for 7 days to achieve effective blockade in inflammation models.
• Duration: The duration often spans from one week (for acute studies) to several weeks (for chronic or depletion studies).
• Route: The typical route is intraperitoneal injection, though intravenous administration may be chosen for certain experimental requirements.

Factors influencing regimen selection:

• Mouse strain sensitivity and immune status can impact dose requirements, with immune-compromised or transgenic models sometimes requiring lower (or higher) doses depending on their target expression and antibody clearance rates.
• Experimental goals (blockade vs. depletion) lead to adjustments in both the amount and frequency, with depletion protocols often administered over a longer period or at higher doses.

General recommendations:

• Standard starting dose for many studies: 100 µg per mouse, intraperitoneally, given two to three times per week.
• For sustained depletion or chronic blockade, consider higher total doses (up to 500 µg per mouse) and prolonged dosing periods, titrated as needed for the specific strain and application.

When designing a dosing regimen, consult both peer-reviewed literature and supplier protocols to tailor the strategy to your chosen mouse model, acknowledging that genetic background, age, and experimental design are significant variables.