Anti-Amyloid β 1-16 Antibody (57003)

Synthetic peptide corresponding to Aβ_1-16.

This monoclonal antibody is formulated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.2 - 7.4 with no carrier protein or preservatives added.

Liquid

Antibodies are purified by a multi-step process including the use of protein A or G to assure extremely low levels of endotoxins, leachable protein A or aggregates.

Upon initial thawing, appropriately aliquot and store at -80°C. For long-term storage, keep at -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Next Day 2-8°C

This antibody recognizes Aβ_1-16 as well as other Aβ peptides: Aβ₃₇, Aβ₃₈, Aβ₃₉, Aβ₄₀, and Aβ₄₂. NOTE: When administered to young Tg2576 mice with minimal Aβ deposition and to older mice with higher Aβ loads, this antibody reduced Aβ accumulation in the brain.

Accumulation and aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain is indicated as the trigger of a pathological cascade that causes Alzheimer disease (AD). There is now compelling evidence that metal binding to Aβ is involved in AD pathogenesis. The amino acid region 1-16 is widely considered as the metal binding domain of Aβ. Unlike copper(II) that prefers the N-terminal amino group as the main binding site, zinc(II) is preferentially placed in the 8-16 amino acidic region of Aβ (1-16).

Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Interaction between APP molecules on neighboring cells promotes synaptogenesis (PubMed:25122912). Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(o) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1 (By similarity). By acting as a kinesin I membrane receptor, plays a role in axonal anterograde transport of cargo towards synapes in axons (PubMed:17062754, PubMed:23011729). Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1. {UniProtKB:P12023, PubMed:17062754, PubMed:23011729, PubMed:25122912}.; Amyloid-beta peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. In vitro, can reduce Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) to Cu(+) and Fe(2+), respectively. Amyloid-beta protein 42 is a more effective reductant than amyloid-beta protein 40. Amyloid-beta peptides bind to lipoproteins and apolipoproteins E and J in the CSF and to HDL particles in plasma, inhibiting metal-catalyzed oxidation of lipoproteins. APP42-beta may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Interaction with overexpressed HADH2 leads to oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Also binds GPC1 in lipid rafts.; Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain. {ECO:0000250}.; The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.; N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).

1) Levites Y et al. 2006. Anti-Ab42 and Anti- Ab40 specific monoclonal antibodies attenuate amyloid deposition in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. J Clin Invest 116: 193-201.
2) Levites Y et al. 2006. Intracranial Adeno- Associated Virus-Mediated Delivery of Anti-Pan Amyloid b, Amyloidb40, and Amyloid b42 Single- Chain Variable Fragments Attenuates Plaque Pathology in Amyloid Precursor Protein Mice. J Neurosci 26: 11923-11928.
3)Levites Y et al. 2006. Insights into the mechanisms of action of anti-Ab antibodies in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. FASEB J 20: 2576-8.