Anti-Mouse CD90 (Thy-1) [T24/31] – Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade

Clone T24/31 is a monoclonal antibody used in in vivo mouse studies primarily for the depletion of T lymphocytes, specifically targeting the CD90 (Thy-1) antigen on the surface of thymocytes and peripheral T cells.

Key details on its use:

• Mechanism: T24/31 recognizes a non-polymorphic determinant on both Thy1.1 and Thy1.2 alloantigens, making it applicable to all mouse strains. This antigen is broadly expressed on thymocytes, peripheral T cells, and some intraepithelial T-lymphocytes.

• Application in Depletion Studies: Researchers inject T24/31 in vivo (typically intraperitoneally) to induce T cell depletion. This technique enables experiments that probe the role of different T cell populations in immune responses, pathology, infection models (such as viral clearance), and immunotherapy research.

• Experimental Protocol Example: One specific protocol describes injecting 250??g of anti-Thy1 (clone T24/31) intraperitoneally one day before infection to deplete T cells in BALB/c mice. This depletion was shown to increase the frequency of infected cells in tissues, demonstrating the role of T cells in viral control.

• Antibody Properties: T24/31 is a rat IgG2b monoclonal antibody, typically formulated for low or ultra-low endotoxin content to minimize confounding inflammatory responses during in vivo use.

• Dosage and Timing: Typical concentrations are 1.0–5.0?mg/ml, but the amount per mouse varies depending on the experimental requirements (e.g., 250??g per mouse for viral infection studies).

• Additional Uses: Besides cell depletion, T24/31 may also be used in assays such as flow cytometry and functional tests, although its principal in vivo application is T lymphocyte depletion.

In summary, T24/31 is used to deplete T cells in mice for functional studies, disease modeling, and analysis of immune system components, with standard protocols involving intraperitoneal injections ahead of experimental interventions.

Commonly Used Antibodies or Proteins Alongside T24 (T24/31) in the Literature

There is limited direct evidence in the provided results regarding the specific scientific context or field in which “T24/31” antibodies are routinely paired with other antibodies or proteins, as the search results do not reference a widely recognized “T24/31” antibody pair (beyond T24 and a humanized version, RT24). Moreover, no literature directly associates T24 with a companion protein or antibody designated as “T31” in the context of co-immunoprecipitation, multiplex assays, or similar applications.

However, based on the most relevant papers found, here is what can be surmised about the T24 antibody and potential companion proteins in research:

T24 Antibody and Related Targets

• T24 is a monoclonal antibody developed to recognize a cryptic epitope (residues 118–122) of human transthyretin (TTR), specifically detecting conformationally altered, aggregated, or fibrillar TTR, but not native, non-aggregated TTR.
• RT24 is a humanized version of T24, exhibiting the same binding specificity and functional properties, including inhibition of TTR fibrillization and promotion of phagocytosis of TTR fibrils.
• T24 and RT24 are discussed in the context of transthyretin amyloidosis (notably familial amyloid polyneuropathy, FAP), where TTR aggregation is pathogenic.

Companion Proteins and Antibodies in TTR Research

While T24/31 is not a standard pairing in the literature, research on TTR amyloidosis often involves:

• Native (wild-type) TTR: Used as a negative control, since T24/RT24 do not bind non-aggregated TTR.
• Mutant TTR variants (e.g., V30M, Y114C, A120S, V122I): Used to study the specificity and therapeutic potential of T24/RT24, as these mutants are associated with familial amyloidosis.
• TTR fibrils and amyloid extracts from patients: Used to validate T24’s ability to recognize pathological aggregates.
• General antibodies for TTR detection: While not specified in these papers, commonly used commercial anti-TTR antibodies (e.g., polyclonal anti-TTR, other monoclonals) are often employed in Western blotting, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry to detect total TTR, independent of aggregation state.

Broader Context: Western Blot and ELISA Companion Antibodies

• Western blotting (WB) is a common technique to validate antibody specificity, often using loading control antibodies (e.g., anti-?-actin, anti-GAPDH) to confirm equal protein loading.
• ELISA is used to quantify binding, where secondary antibodies conjugated to enzymes (e.g., HRP- or alkaline phosphatase-labeled anti-mouse or anti-human IgG) are standard for detection.

Table: Typical Companion Antibodies and Proteins in TTR/T24 Studies

Summary

In the literature focused on T24 and transthyretin amyloidosis, T24 is primarily used alongside native and mutant TTR proteins, TTR fibrils/amyloids, and standard control antibodies (e.g., loading controls for Western blot, enzyme-conjugated secondaries for ELISA). There is no evidence in the provided results that “T31” is a recognized companion antibody or protein to T24 in this context. If “T24/31” refers to a specific experimental system or multiplex assay not described here, additional context would be needed to identify relevant companion antibodies or proteins.

In scientific literature, clone T24/31 most commonly refers to a monoclonal antibody targeting the Thy1 (CD90) antigen, widely used for T cell depletion in immunological research, particularly in mouse models. The key findings from citations involving T24/31 include:

• Peripheral T Cell Depletion: T24/31 is frequently used to deplete peripheral T cells in vivo, allowing researchers to assess the role of tissue-resident T cells (TRM) versus circulating T cells during immune responses.
• Experimental Insights on TRM Cells: Studies utilizing T24/31 have shown that, even after peripheral T cell depletion, residual CD4^+^ TRM cells in tissues (such as the lung) remain and are functionally sufficient to trigger localized immune responses—including airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma models.
• Differentiation of Immune Responses: T24/31-based depletion helps distinguish secondary immune responses mediated by tissue-resident versus circulating T cells, elucidating their unique contributions to diseases like allergic asthma.
• Specificity and Efficacy: T24/31 antibody treatment depletes the majority of circulating T cells, with >95% depletion of CD8^+^ T cells and about 75% of CD4^+^ T cells in the lung, while sparing tissue-resident fractions, confirming its effectiveness as a tool for studying compartment-specific immunity.

These findings have advanced understanding of how tissue-resident versus circulating T cells contribute to immune memory and pathology, particularly by leveraging the specificity of the T24/31 clone in experimental systems.

Dosing regimens for clone T24/31 in mouse models vary depending on the study design, mouse strain, therapeutic agent, administration frequency, and experimental endpoint. The search results do not explicitly reference a regimen for a clone specifically termed "T24/31"; instead, they reference the T24 cell line (a widely used human bladder cancer cell line) and its use in mouse xenograft models. If by "clone T24/31" you refer to a T24-derived subclone or experimental condition, clarification may be needed. Below is a synthesis of available data for T24 and related dosing regimens across studies using mouse models:

1. Chemotherapeutic or experimental drug dosing with T24 xenografts:

• Typical practices involve inoculating mice (commonly nude mice) with T24 cells to establish tumors, followed by administration of anti-cancer agents at predetermined doses.
• For example, one study used a fixed dose of 75 ?g per mouse for selected agents, citing a lack of established dose translation guidelines from cell culture to mice.
• In multidrug combination screens, effective regimens involved drugs dosed in the range of nanograms to micrograms per mouse, with a focus on optimizing efficacy while minimizing toxicity.

2. Regimens in comparative pharmacology studies:

• Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) regimens in mice often mirror human clinical scaling (for context, not T24-specific): For instance, doses for anti-Nectin-4 ADC enfortumab vedotin ranged from 6 to 15 mg/kg in mice, approximating scaled human dosing, and administration frequency was adjusted depending on the agent and desired pharmacodynamic endpoints.

3. Dosing intervals and sample timing:

• Studies may vary in the timing and frequency of drug administration; common regimens include single dosing or repeated administration every few days, depending on drug PK/PD (pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic) properties and therapeutic objectives.

4. Mouse strain, tumor implantation technique, and outcome measures:

• Variations in mouse strains (such as nude or immunodeficient lines), the number of cells injected, and route of administration (e.g., subcutaneous or orthotopic) can influence dosing regimens. These parameters are standardized within each study protocol but can differ across the literature.

Summary Table: Reported dosing examples in T24 mouse studies

Current literature demonstrates no universal dosing regimen for T24/31 across mouse models; protocols are tailored to the cell line, agent, and hypothesis under investigation. Doses range considerably, and specific regimens depend on intended therapeutic effect, toxicity, and outcome measures.

If "clone T24/31" refers to a specific subclone or engineered cell line, or if a precise dosing protocol is needed, please specify the context (e.g., target drug, therapeutic class, or model system) for a more detailed answer.