Anti-Mouse/Human TGF-β [1D11.16.8] – Purified in vivo PLATINUM™ Functional Grade

Clone 1D11.16.8 is most commonly used in vivo in mice as a neutralizing antibody against TGF-β (transforming growth factor beta) isoforms 1, 2, and 3, enabling the study of TGF-β’s roles in physiology and disease.

In vivo applications include:

• Cancer research: Used to investigate TGF-β's role in tumor growth, metastasis, and immune evasion; blockade often studies effects on tumor progression and immune response, including synergy with immunotherapies.
• Fibrosis models: Administration to mice with experimentally induced organ fibrosis (such as kidney, liver, or lung) to assess the contribution of TGF-β signaling to fibrotic processes and test potential anti-fibrotic therapies.
• Autoimmunity and inflammation: Used in models of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases to study how neutralizing TGF-β changes disease pathways, immune cell profiles, and inflammation severity.
• Wound healing and tissue repair: By inhibiting TGF-β, the antibody helps dissect its regulatory role in tissue remodeling and regeneration after injury.
• Functional immune assays: To investigate TGF-β's action on various immune cells—such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), NK cells, and macrophages—including how TGF-β blockade alters immune activation, tolerance, and effector responses.

Key points:

• Systemic or local administration of clone 1D11.16.8 in mice enables neutralization of all major mammalian TGF-β isoforms (1/2/3), making it a versatile tool for dissecting TGF-β function in diverse in vivo contexts.
• Frequently used as a control or experimental intervention in immuno-oncology, fibrosis, autoimmune, and tissue injury models.
• Considered the reference-standard pan-TGF-β neutralizing antibody for murine in vivo studies due to its broad reactivity and established use.

Thus, the most common in vivo applications focus on defining and modulating TGF-β’s impact in cancer, fibrotic disease, autoimmunity, inflammation, and tissue regeneration in mice.

The 1D11.16.8 antibody, a pan-TGF-β neutralizing monoclonal antibody, is frequently used in combination with various other antibodies and proteins in research studies, particularly those investigating fibrosis, immune modulation, and cancer therapeutics.

Fibrosis and Tissue Remodeling Markers

When studying fibrotic processes and tissue remodeling, researchers commonly co-use Collagen I and α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) alongside 1D11.16.8. These markers help monitor the progression or regression of fibrosis and assess changes in tissue architecture, which is particularly relevant given TGF-β's central role in promoting fibrotic responses.

Immune Response Assessment

Inflammatory cytokines are frequently measured in conjunction with 1D11.16.8 treatment to assess immune response modulation. This pairing makes biological sense, as TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates immune cell activities, including T lymphocytes, NK cells, activated macrophages, and the development of regulatory T cells. By blocking TGF-β and monitoring inflammatory cytokines, researchers can evaluate how neutralizing this pathway affects the broader immune landscape.

Detection Antibodies

For experimental detection purposes, secondary antibodies such as goat anti-mouse IgG conjugated to HRP (horseradish peroxidase) are routinely used with 1D11.16.8. Since 1D11.16.8 is a mouse IgG1 isotype antibody, these secondary antibodies enable visualization in various assays including Western blot, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Researchers have used concentrations around 1:5,000 dilution for detection purposes.

Combination Immunotherapies

In cancer research, 1D11.16.8 has been combined with checkpoint blockade therapies and bispecific T-cell engagers. Studies have evaluated TGF-β blockade using 1D11 alongside CD3-bispecific antibodies in various tumor models, with results showing model-dependent efficacy. The antibody has also been tested in combination with checkpoint inhibitors, though responses vary significantly across different cancer types.

Clone 1D11.16.8 is a widely used monoclonal antibody that neutralizes all three isoforms of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3), with citations in scientific literature demonstrating its key roles in cancer, fibrosis, metabolic disease, and developmental biology. The most cited findings associated with this antibody are:

• Potent, broad TGF-β neutralization: 1D11.16.8 specifically binds and blocks TGF-β1, β2, and β3 across multiple species, making it a cornerstone reagent in both in vitro and in vivo research to study TGF-β signaling and its role in pathology.

• Cancer research—cachexia and metastasis reduction: Administration of 1D11.16.8 in mouse models resulted in significant improvement in survival, reduction in cancer cachexia (muscle and fat loss), preservation of lean body mass, and attenuation of bone density loss in pancreatic cancer. The antibody also inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in various cancer models, notably blocking lung metastasis in high TGF-β expressing breast cancer and reducing tumor cell retention in lungs in in vivo metastasis assays.

• Fibrosis and muscle dysfunction: In several models, 1D11.16.8 ameliorates tissue fibrosis and muscle weakness, in part by interfering with TGF-β-mediated extracellular matrix deposition and downstream profibrotic signaling.

• Lymphedema and extracellular matrix regulation: Blockade of TGF-β1 with 1D11.16.8 reduces extracellular matrix buildup and fibrosis in lymphedema, implicating TGF-β in pathologic tissue remodeling.

• Developmental biology and disease: The antibody has been used to investigate TGF-β’s roles in ocular development and disorders, such as anterior segment dysgenesis in mice, and other developmental processes involving epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells.

Applications and utility:

• 1D11.16.8 is validated for neutralization assays, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and functional studies.
• Its cross-species reactivity and functional grade purity make it a preferred tool for dissecting TGF-β pathways in diverse research models.

Summary of citation impact:
Studies using 1D11.16.8 consistently underscore the central role of TGF-β in tumor progression, metastasis, fibrosis, immune modulation, and tissue remodeling. By neutralizing TGF-β activity, 1D11.16.8 has demonstrated therapeutic effects in models of cancer and fibrosis, improved survival and metabolic state in cancer cachexia, controlled pathological ECM deposition, and provided mechanistic insights into TGF-β-driven pathology.

Variation in Dosing Regimens of Clone 1D11.16.8 Across Mouse Models

The dosing regimens for the anti-TGF-β monoclonal antibody 1D11.16.8 in mouse models are highly variable, reflecting differences in experimental objectives, disease models, and study designs. There is no single standardized protocol; instead, dosing is tailored to the specific scientific question and biological context.

Common Dosing Strategies

• Dose Range: 1D11.16.8 is typically administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses ranging from 0.3 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, with 5 mg/kg being a frequently reported dose in the literature.
• Acute vs. Chronic Dosing: Some studies use a single acute dose, while others employ repeated dosing over days to weeks, depending on whether the goal is to assess short-term mechanistic effects or long-term therapeutic outcomes.
• Frequency: Dosing schedules vary from once weekly to three times weekly, and in some cases, less frequent administration (e.g., every 2 or 4 weeks) has been evaluated for chronic studies.
• Duration: Treatment durations can range from a single dose to several weeks, with some protocols lasting up to 12 weeks in chronic disease models.

Examples from the Literature

• Bone Volume and Strength Studies: In one study, 1D11.16.8 was administered at 5 mg/kg i.p. either three times weekly, once weekly, once every two weeks, or once every four weeks for 12 weeks. Another protocol used four doses of 5 mg/kg over one week for mechanism of action studies.
• Tumor Models: In a breast cancer metastasis study, 1D11.16.8 was given at 5 mg/kg twice weekly. Other tumor studies have used different total doses and frequencies depending on the model and endpoint.
• Infectious Disease Models: At least one study used 10 mg/kg/dose, indicating that higher doses may be employed in specific contexts, such as host defense against infection.
• Metabolic and Neurological Models: Protocols such as 200 μg (approximately 8–10 mg/kg for a 20–25 g mouse) twice weekly for 21 days have been reported in models assessing mortality and metabolic changes.

Key Factors Influencing Dosing

• Experimental Goal: Mechanistic studies may use short, high-dose regimens, while therapeutic efficacy studies often use longer, repeated dosing.
• Disease Model: Tumor models, bone remodeling studies, infectious disease, and metabolic/neurological models each may require tailored dosing to achieve desired biological effects.
• Toxicity and Efficacy: The balance between achieving sufficient TGF-β blockade for therapeutic effect and avoiding off-target or toxic effects guides dose selection.
• Route of Administration: Intraperitoneal injection is standard, but the actual dose and schedule depend on the specific model and endpoint.

Summary Table: Example Dosing Regimens for 1D11.16.8 in Mouse Models

Conclusion

Dosing of 1D11.16.8 in mouse models is not uniform but is instead customized based on the research question, disease context, and desired biological outcome. Researchers must carefully consider the model system, therapeutic goals, and potential toxicities when designing dosing regimens for this antibody. Published protocols provide a range of options, but pilot experiments are often necessary to optimize dosing for a specific experimental setup.