Anti-Human CD11a – Purified in vivo PLATINUM™ Functional Grade

The most common in vivo application of clone 38 in mice refers to MC38, a murine colon adenocarcinoma cell line frequently implanted in mice to model colorectal cancer and study cancer immunology, immunotherapy, tumor microenvironment, and anti-tumor immune responses.

Key in vivo applications of MC38 (clone 38) in mice include:

• Syngeneic tumor model: MC38 cells are injected (commonly subcutaneously or orthotopically) into immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice to create transplantable tumors. This model is widely used to mimic aspects of human colorectal cancer and to evaluate anti-tumor immune responses and novel cancer therapies, especially immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors.

• Immunotherapy evaluation: The MC38 model is a cornerstone for testing immune checkpoint blockade therapies (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 antibodies). It is valued for its high mutational burden and strong immunogenic properties, allowing researchers to study treatment responses and resistance mechanisms.

• Tumor microenvironment analysis: MC38 tumors are used to investigate tumor-immune interactions, including the composition and function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, myeloid cells, and other stromal components using techniques like histology, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry.

• Efficacy and mechanistic studies: Researchers use MC38 tumors to analyze tumor growth, immune cell recruitment, and therapeutic mechanisms in response to candidate drugs or genetic modifications of tumor or host cells.

• Orthotopic models: While subcutaneous implantation is most common due to ease and reproducibility, orthotopic colon wall implantation better mimics primary tumor development in the relevant tissue but is technically more challenging and less frequently used.

In summary, MC38 (clone 38) serves as a standard syngeneic murine tumor model to study colorectal cancer biology, immune response, and immunotherapy in mice, especially in the context of immune-competent hosts.

The most commonly used antibodies or proteins used with CD38 in the literature—especially in immunology, hematology, and cancer research—include a defined set of therapeutics and research antibodies:

• Therapeutic antibodies targeting CD38:
  • Daratumumab
  • Isatuximab
  • MOR202
  • TAK-079 (an investigational analog)

These are widely used in research and clinical studies, particularly for multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies. Comparative studies often include at least two or more of these antibodies to assess binding, efficacy, or resistance profiles.

• Research antibodies and commonly paired surface markers in flow cytometry and immunophenotyping:
  • CD3 (T cell marker)
  • CD4 (T helper cell marker)
  • HLA-DR (activation marker)

These are frequently multiplexed with anti-CD38 antibodies to define lymphocyte subpopulations, especially in immunophenotyping panels for flow cytometry. Some commercial products combine these antibodies for simultaneous detection (e.g., Anti-Human CD4 FITC/CD38 PE/CD3 PerCP/HLA-DR APC).

• Secondary antibodies and detection reagents include:

  • Anti-human Fc-specific antibodies (frequently used for detection of bound CD38 mAbs in assays like flow cytometry)
  • Fluorochrome-conjugated anti-CD38 antibodies (e.g., PE-Cy™7, PerCp-Cy5.5 conjugates) for multiparameter analysis

• Other proteins or neutralizing agents:

  • Soluble CD38 (sCD38): Used in laboratory settings to neutralize anti-CD38 antibody interference in immunohematology testing

Summary table: Commonly Used Antibodies/Proteins with CD38

In sum, studies involving "38"—almost always referring to CD38—frequently include multiple anti-CD38 mAbs for comparison, multiplex with other leukocyte surface markers (CD3, CD4, HLA-DR), and use secondary detection reagents and neutralizing proteins to investigate function, phenotype, and clinical interference.

The term "clone 38" most likely refers to the monoclonal antibody CD38 (cluster of differentiation 38), which is a cell surface glycoprotein often used as a clone marker in scientific literature, especially in immunology and hematological malignancies. If you are referring to a specific antibody clone (e.g., "clone 38" as a lab reagent), please clarify; otherwise, the answer below is focused on CD38 and its scientific citation landscape.

Key findings from citations related to CD38 (often cited as a "clone") in scientific literature include:

• Prognostic Marker in Hematologic Malignancies: CD38 is a widely cited prognostic marker in diseases like chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Higher expression of CD38 is strongly associated with poor prognosis, more aggressive clinical behavior, shorter time to treatment, and decreased survival. This makes it a valuable clinical biomarker for stratifying risk and guiding treatment decisions in CLL.

• Molecular and Functional Differences: CLL clones that are CD38+ show a range of features that distinguish them from CD38– clones, including:

  • Enhanced migration in response to the chemokine CXCL12.
  • Increased levels of survival markers such as VEGF and Mcl-1.
  • Evidence of a hyperproliferative phenotype, including greater proliferation, variable telomere lengths, new mutations, and increased copy number alterations.

• Role in Tumor Microenvironment and Other Cancers: CD38 is implicated in promoting tumor growth and survival in various cancers beyond hematologic malignancies:

  • In models of glioma, knockout (removal) or pharmacological inhibition of CD38 reduces tumor burden and increases survival, potentially by altering the tumor microenvironment—especially via effects on macrophage populations.
  • Cell-intrinsic CD38 in lung and cervical cancers promotes proliferation, survival, and resistance to apoptosis, likely through effects on calcium signaling and p53 pathways.

• Therapeutic Target: Monoclonal antibodies (such as daratumumab and isatuximab) targeting CD38 have redefined treatment paradigms—especially in multiple myeloma—by efficiently depleting malignant plasma cells, improving patient outcomes, and driving extensive research and increased scientific citations for CD38 as a target.

Supporting context:

• The literature corroborates CD38’s critical role as both a marker and mechanistic driver in cancer biology.
• Its high level of citation reflects its established diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic utility, particularly in the context of monoclonal antibody development and cancer research.
• Studies describe targeted inhibition and genetic knockout of CD38 as effective experimental approaches to characterizing its function—and these are commonly referenced in the literature as experimental models.

If "clone 38" refers to a very specific antibody reagent or clone number in a unique context (e.g., flow cytometry marker), please provide additional details so the analysis can be tailored more precisely. Otherwise, the above insights capture the key findings and scientific impact of CD38 citations in current literature.

The dosing regimens of clone 38 depend on the specific target, application, and mouse model used. No search result in the current set directly identifies a "clone 38" by name or provides its dosing regimen across mouse models. It is important to clarify the antibody's full identity (target and isotype) to ensure accurate recommendations.

Key findings and Dosing Context:

• Most commonly used in vivo monoclonal antibody regimens for mouse models—such as anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-CD4, and anti-CD8—range from 100–250 μg per mouse, typically administered intraperitoneally every 3–4 days. This can serve as a general baseline if clone 38 is similar in function or target.
• For specific experimental applications, dosing often varies based on:
  • Mouse strain (e.g., C57BL/6, BALB/c)
  • Disease/tumor model (e.g., MC38 colon cancer, B16 melanoma, CT26 colon carcinoma)
  • Intended immunological effect (e.g., checkpoint blockade, cell depletion, stimulation)
• Route of administration: Most in vivo antibodies are given by intraperitoneal injection, but intravenous or intratumoral routes are possible depending on the study.
• Schedule: Common regimens are every 3–4 days, 2–3 times per week, or tailored to tumor size/response.

Application and model variation:

• In the case of anti-tumor immunotherapy in syngeneic mouse tumor models (such as MC38, B16, CT26), the dosing schedule for monoclonal antibodies is generally kept consistent for comparability across studies, but drug amount per dose might be adjusted for mouse size and tumor burden.
• Rapidly growing tumors (e.g., MC38) or aggressive disease models may require more frequent dosing or higher doses to achieve an effect.

Uncertainty and Need for Clarification:If "clone 38" refers to a specific, less common antibody—such as an anti-CD38 (not directly described in the search results)—the appropriate dosing may differ based on:

• The pharmacokinetics and mechanism of that clone (e.g., depleting vs. blocking)
• Prior published in vivo validation studies and their protocols (if anti-CD38 is the intended clone, clarify).

Summary Table: Monoclonal Antibody Dosing in Mouse Models
| Antibody/Clone | Typical Dose per Mouse | Route | Frequency | Notes ||-------------------|-----------------------|-----------------|---------------------|---------------------------------------------|| Checkpoint clones (PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4) | 100–250 μg | Intraperitoneal | Every 3–4 days | Used in syngeneic tumor models || Depleting clones (CD4, CD8, Gr-1) | 200–250 μg | Intraperitoneal | 2–3 times/week | Immune cell depletion || Clone 38 (not directly found) | Not specified | Depends | Depends | Clarification needed |

Recommendation:
To provide a precise answer, specify the full identity and target of "clone 38." If not available, refer to dosing regimens of similar monoclonal antibodies relevant to the experimental context as a starting point. Further information from original datasheets or primary literature for clone 38 would be essential for detailed protocol design.