Anti-Human CD11a – Purified in vivo PLATINUM™ Functional Grade

Clone 38, usually referenced as MC38, is widely used in in vivo mouse studies as a syngeneic model for murine colorectal carcinoma, particularly in C57BL/6 mice. MC38 cells are either implanted subcutaneously or orthotopically to simulate tumor growth, metastasis, and immune response dynamics within a complete mouse immune system.

Researchers employ MC38 in the following ways:

• Subcutaneous implantation creates accessible tumors for drug efficacy testing, though these rarely metastasize and lack physiological realism relative to clinical colorectal cancer.
• Orthotopic implantation involves injecting MC38 cells directly into the cecal wall, promoting tumor growth within the colon and clinically relevant metastatic spread (to lymph nodes, liver, peritoneum), closely mimicking human disease progression and immune responses.
• MC38’s high mutational burden and sensitivity to immune checkpoint immunotherapy make it a preferred model for testing immunotherapies directed against colorectal cancer and studying tumor-immune interactions.
• The model can be used to assess the effects of new drugs, investigate metastatic mechanisms, and study genetic and immunologic pathways involved in colorectal cancer.

MC38 cells are selected for their:

• Compatibility with C57BL/6 mice.
• Genetic and immunogenic characteristics similar to clinical colorectal carcinoma (e.g., high mutational burden, CEA expression).
• Variable engraftment rates depending on technique and source, sometimes requiring protocol optimization for reliable orthotopic tumor formation and metastasis.

In summary, clone 38 (MC38) is used in in vivo mouse studies for modeling colorectal cancer, especially to study tumor growth, metastasis, and immunotherapy in a translationally relevant immunocompetent setting.

The correct storage temperature for sterile packaged clone 38, specifically the Anti-Human CD138 Monoclonal Antibody (Azide Free, Clone B-A38), is +2 to +8°C (refrigerated) for up to 12 months; for longer-term storage, aliquots can be frozen.

• The antibody is stable at +2-8°C for 12 months.
• Do not freeze for short-term storage; only freeze aliquots if needed for long-term storage.
• Shipping can occur at room temperature, but storage should be as above upon receipt.

This guidance matches standard conditions for biological reagents such as antibodies.

The most commonly used antibody or protein with "38" in immunology and hematology literature is CD38. CD38 is a cell surface protein broadly expressed on many immune cells and is especially prominent in research and clinical diagnostics for conditions such as multiple myeloma.

Commonly used antibodies or proteins studied alongside or in combination with CD38 include:

• CD138 (Syndecan-1): Frequently paired with CD38 to identify plasma cells in bone marrow or blood, particularly in multiple myeloma studies. CD138+/CD38+ gating is used for isolating malignant plasma cells.
• CD19: Used to distinguish B-cells (CD19+) from plasma cells (CD38+/CD138+).
• CD45: A pan-leukocyte marker; co-stained to separate leukocyte populations and to help identify plasma cells, which show low/negative CD45 with high CD38.
• CD56: Often studied with CD38 in plasma cell dyscrasias, as abnormal plasma cells can express CD56.
• CD3 and CD4: T-cell markers, commonly included in flow cytometry panels to distinguish T-cell subsets in immunophenotyping alongside CD38.
• HLA-DR: An activation marker for lymphocytes, frequently co-analyzed with CD38 in studies of immune activation, especially in HIV and infection context.

Flow cytometry panels and immunohistochemistry protocols routinely employ combinations of these antibodies (e.g., CD38, CD138, CD19, CD45, CD56, HLA-DR, CD3, and CD4) to define and characterize immune cell populations, especially for the diagnosis and research on hematological malignancies.

In summary:

• CD138, CD19, CD45, CD56, CD3, CD4, HLA-DR are among the most commonly used markers in the literature with CD38, especially in studies of multiple myeloma, immune profiling, and minimal residual disease detection.

Many commercial antibody cocktails for clinical flow cytometry (e.g., BD Biosciences) combine CD38 FITC/PE with other fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against these targets for multiplexed cell population analysis.

Key findings from scientific literature citing clone 38 (or CD38 clone) focus on its role as a marker for activated and proliferative cell subsets, especially in conditions like chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CD38 expression is closely linked to poor prognosis, increased cellular activation, and proliferation within leukemic clones.

• CD38 expression identifies an activated, proliferative subset within CLL clones. Cells expressing CD38 are enriched for markers of activation (CD27, CD62L, CD69), proliferation (Ki-67), enhanced signaling (ZAP-70), and protection from apoptosis (telomerase, Bcl-2).
• Although the percentage of CD38^+^ proliferating cells (as measured by Ki-67) in a clone is small (about 2%), the absolute number of these cells remains significant due to the large clone size.
• High percentages of CD38^+^ cells within a CLL clone are associated with aggressive disease and poor clinical outcome. CD38^+^ cells are considered responsible for ongoing proliferation and the potential accumulation of dangerous chromosomal abnormalities.
• The dynamic and transient nature of CD38 expression is suggested by the observation that both CD38^+^ and CD38^?^ fractions maintain similar telomere lengths, implying that CD38 marks a functional state rather than a permanent cell subpopulation.
• Prognostic assessment may be improved by combining quantification of Ki-67^+^ (proliferating) cells with CD38^+^ cells, suggesting that clone 38 citations have led to refined disease monitoring practices in hematology.

Additional relevant findings:

• In microbiology, "clone ST38" of Escherichia coli has been noted for the emergence and spread of carbapenemase (OXA-48) resistance, which signifies the clinical importance of clone tracking for infection control.

If your query regarding "clone 38 citations" refers to another context (such as citation dynamics or bibliometrics) or a specific genetic or molecular clone outside CD38, clarification would allow for a more targeted synthesis. Current evidence indicates that the most frequently cited scientific meaning involves the CD38 marker in hematological malignancies, where it informs prognosis and disease biology.