Anti-Mouse/Human TGF-β [1D11.16.8] – Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade

Clone 1D11.16.8 is most commonly used in vivo in mice as a neutralizing antibody against TGF-β (transforming growth factor beta) isoforms 1, 2, and 3, with wide applications in functional studies of TGF-β signaling and immune regulation.

Key in vivo applications in mice include:

• Blocking endogenous TGF-β activity: 1D11.16.8 is administered to mice to inhibit TGF-β function systemically, which helps researchers dissect the role of TGF-β in diverse biological processes such as immune regulation, tissue fibrosis, wound healing, and cancer progression.
• Modeling disease mechanisms: The antibody is frequently used in mouse models of cancer, autoimmune disease, fibrosis (e.g., kidney or lung fibrosis), and heart disease, where TGF-β is thought to promote disease either via immune suppression or pro-fibrotic action.
• Assessing immunotherapy strategies: Because TGF-β plays a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis and suppressing anti-tumor responses, 1D11.16.8 is used to test therapeutic interventions aimed at augmenting immune responses by neutralizing this cytokine.
• Studying tissue remodeling and wound repair: TGF-β is critical in stimulating fibroblast activation, extracellular matrix production, and scar tissue formation. 1D11.16.8 blockade allows researchers to understand mechanisms of tissue regeneration and fibrosis by selectively interfering with TGF-β signaling in vivo.

Additional notes:

• The clone is validated for use in several functional assays both in vitro and in vivo, but its most cited role is in vivo neutralization of TGF-β signaling in mouse models.
• 1D11.16.8 is specific for TGF-β isoforms 1, 2, and 3 across multiple mammalian species but is most used in mouse experiments.

In summary, the dominant in vivo use of clone 1D11.16.8 in mice is systemic neutralization of TGF-β, enabling study of TGF-β’s role in immunity, fibrosis, cancer, and tissue repair under both physiological and pathological conditions.

Based on research applications, several antibodies and proteins are commonly used alongside the 1D11.16.8 anti-TGF-β antibody to comprehensively study TGF-β-related processes and validate experimental findings.

Fibrosis and Tissue Remodeling Markers

Collagen I and α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) are frequently co-used with 1D11.16.8 to monitor fibrosis and tissue remodeling. These markers help researchers assess the downstream effects of TGF-β neutralization on extracellular matrix production and myofibroblast activation, which are hallmarks of fibrotic processes.

Immune Response Assessment

Inflammatory cytokines are commonly measured alongside 1D11.16.8 to assess immune response modulation. This combination allows investigators to understand how TGF-β blockade affects the broader inflammatory milieu and immune cell function.

Detection Antibodies

Secondary antibodies, such as goat anti-mouse IgG HRP conjugate, are essential for detection in various assays. For western blot applications specifically, stabilized goat anti-mouse IgG HRP conjugate at dilutions around 1:5,000 has been successfully used to detect the 1D11.16.8 antibody.

Combination Immunotherapy Approaches

In therapeutic studies, 1D11.16.8 has been combined with other immunotherapy agents. The CD3xTRP1 bispecific antibody (featuring an anti-mouse CD3e component based on clone 145-2C11) has been used together with 1D11.16.8 TGF-β blockade in viro-immunotherapy studies. Additionally, checkpoint blockade antibodies have been combined with 1D11.16.8 in various tumor models to enhance anti-tumor responses.

Specialized Research Applications

For targeted therapy development, researchers have engineered dual-variable-domain immunoglobulins (DVD-Ig) combining the 1D11.16.8 TGF-β binding properties with FnEDA (fibronectin extra domain A) antibodies to create molecules that can specifically target fibrotic tissues while neutralizing TGF-β.

Key Findings from Clone 1D11.16.8 in Scientific Literature

Clone 1D11.16.8 is a well-characterized monoclonal antibody that broadly neutralizes all three major isoforms of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) across multiple species, including human, mouse, rat, hamster, canine, and non-human primate. Its scientific impact is notable for both mechanistic insight and therapeutic potential.

Mechanism of Action

• Broad TGF-β Neutralization: 1D11.16.8 specifically targets and neutralizes the active forms of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, inhibiting their interaction with TGF-β receptors.
• Dual Variable Domain (DVD) Engineering: The variable domains of 1D11 have been engineered into chimeric and dual-specific (DVD-Ig) antibodies for advanced therapeutic targeting, retaining its potent neutralization capabilities.

Preclinical Therapeutic Efficacy

• Cancer Cachexia and Survival: In mouse models of advanced pancreatic cancer, 1D11.16.8 treatment significantly improved survival, preserved fat and lean body mass, increased bone density, and reduced muscle proteolysis and cancer-associated cachexia. It also attenuated mortality and metabolic changes associated with chronic disease models.
• Tumor Growth and Metastasis: Treatment with 1D11.16.8 significantly inhibited the growth of TGF-β–expressing tumors (e.g., 4T1 breast cancer) and reduced lung metastasis. The effect was selective—it did not influence tumors with low TGF-β expression.
• Metastasis Inhibition: Administration of 1D11 reduced the number of tumor cells reaching the lungs in a mouse model of haematogenous metastasis, suggesting TGF-β neutralization can disrupt key steps in metastatic spread.
• Muscle and Bone Effects: In models of excessive bone resorption, 1D11.16.8 mitigated skeletal muscle weakness by blocking the pathological effects of elevated TGF-β.

Applications in Research

• Versatile Research Tool: 1D11.16.8 is validated for use in neutralization assays (both in vitro and in vivo), immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and immunofluorescence.
• Cross-Species Reactivity: Its cross-reactivity with numerous species makes it a flexible reagent for comparative and translational research.

Functional Properties

• High Purity and Low Aggregation: The antibody is typically >90% pure by SDS-PAGE, with low endotoxin levels and minimal aggregation, making it suitable for in vivo studies.
• Clinical Potential: While currently for research use only, the robust preclinical data suggest that 1D11.16.8 or its derivatives could be explored for therapeutic applications targeting TGF-β–driven pathologies, such as cancer, fibrosis, and metabolic wasting diseases.

Summary Table: Key Functional Outcomes of 1D11.16.8 in Preclinical Studies

Conclusion

Clone 1D11.16.8 has been instrumental in demonstrating the central role of TGF-β signaling in cancer progression, metastasis, cachexia, and musculoskeletal pathology. Its ability to broadly neutralize all major TGF-β isoforms has made it a gold standard tool for both basic research and preclinical therapeutic development. These findings highlight TGF-β as a promising but context-dependent therapeutic target, with 1D11.16.8 serving as a key proof-of-concept reagent.

Dosing regimens of the anti-TGF-β antibody clone 1D11.16.8 in mouse models vary depending on the disease context, experimental goals, and mouse strain, with significant differences in dose, frequency, and duration across studies.

Key patterns in dosing regimens:

• Dose Range: Most commonly used doses fall between 0.3 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg per injection, though studies evaluating dose-responses have tested regimens up to 10 mg/kg.

• Administration Route: The antibody is typically administered intraperitoneally (i.p.).

• Frequency:

  • Acute, short-term regimens can involve single doses.
  • Chronic regimens often range from twice weekly up to three times weekly injection schedules, with treatment durations from a single week to several months.
  • Some studies assess frequency effects by varying injection intervals from weekly to every four weeks.

Representative regimens from published studies:

• Bone and strength mouse models:

  • 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p., three times weekly for 8 weeks (dose-response)
  • 5 mg/kg, i.p., three times weekly, once weekly, every 2 weeks, or every 4 weeks for 12 weeks (frequency comparison)
  • 5 mg/kg, i.p., four doses over 1 week (short-term mechanism study)

• Cancer/tumor models:

  • 5 mg/kg, i.p., twice weekly
  • 200 μg per mouse (~8–10 mg/kg for a 20–25 g mouse), i.p., twice weekly for 3 weeks

• Fibrosis or nephropathy models:

  • 1.0–1.5 mg per mouse, i.p., schedule not always specified but often twice per week

Summary Table of Example Regimens

Critical considerations:

• The exact dosing regimen should be tailored to the specific disease model, desired pharmacodynamic effect, and experimental question.
• Chronic disease models and studies seeking durable biological responses tend to use higher dosing and prolonged regimens, while acute/short-term studies may use single or a small number of doses.
• Detailed regimens for specific published studies should be consulted when planning new experiments, as there is no universal standard protocol for all indications.

In summary, 1D11.16.8 dosing regimens in mouse models are highly variable but most commonly involve 0.3–5 mg/kg i.p., administered two or three times per week for several weeks.