Anti-Mouse CD86 (Clone GL1) – Purified in vivo GOLD™ Functional Grade

Clone GL1 is a monoclonal antibody targeting mouse CD86 (B7-2) that is widely used in in vivo mouse studies to block costimulatory signaling necessary for T cell activation and immune responses. In vivo, administration of GL1 has been shown to inhibit the priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, especially when used in combination with antibodies against CD80 (B7-1).

Supporting details:

• GL1 is used to functionally block CD86 interactions with CD28 and CTLA-4, key costimulatory molecules for T cell activation. This blockade interferes with T cell-B cell interactions, affecting immune responses such as T cell priming, immunoglobulin class switching, and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
• Researchers apply GL1 in vivo to:
  • Inhibit immune responses, e.g., suppressing mixed lymphocyte reactions and T cell priming.
  • Assess the role of CD86-mediated costimulation in immune cell activation, tolerance, or autoimmune disease models.
• For immunohistochemical localization, GL1 can identify CD86-positive cells in mouse tissues—primarily in acetone-fixed frozen sections—staining lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
• Functional grade and ultra-low endotoxin forms of GL1 are preferred for in vivo experiments to minimize adverse reactions and ensure effective blockade.

Additional information:

• GL1 is not suitable for immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues; it works optimally on frozen sections.
• The antibody's blocking activity can be combined with anti-CD80 (B7-1) for more complete inhibition of costimulatory signals in T cell activation studies.
• Other applications include immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence for identifying CD86 expression in tumor or immune tissues.

In summary, clone GL1 is primarily used in in vivo mouse studies to block CD86-dependent costimulatory signaling, leading to inhibition of T cell-mediated immune responses and facilitating mechanistic studies of immune regulation.

Commonly used antibodies or proteins studied with GL1 depend on the context, as "GL1" may refer to the glucose transporter 1 protein (GLUT1) or the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). In the literature, several antibodies and proteins are frequently used alongside these targets for experimental and therapeutic research.

If GL1 refers to GLUT1 (Glucose Transporter 1):

• Commonly paired antibodies include:
  • GLUT4: Frequently co-studied since GLUT4 and GLUT1 are both glucose transporters with different tissue distributions and regulation.
  • Adhiron: Used as a scaffold protein for displaying GLUT1 epitopes, aiding in antibody generation against GLUT1.
  • VHH antibodies: These are single-domain antibodies derived from camelids and are used to target specific extracellular regions of GLUT1.

If GL1 refers to GLP-1R (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor):

• Commonly paired or related antibodies/proteins include:
  • GLP-1 analogs (e.g., liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide): These are peptide agonists that target GLP-1R.
  • Exendin-(9-39): A well-characterized GLP-1R antagonist protein frequently used as a comparator or control in GLP-1R studies.
  • Anti-GLP-1R monoclonal antibodies (e.g., MAB2814, MAB7001): Used for both structural studies and functional inhibition/activation of GLP-1R.
  • PCSK9 antibodies: In engineering approaches, anti-PCSK9 antibodies have been fused with GLP-1 peptides to develop multifunctional therapeutics.

Additional Relevant Proteins/Antibodies:

• β-arrestin 2: Monitored in signaling studies involving GLP-1R to assess receptor activity and antagonism.
• Phage display-derived antibodies: Used to discover both antagonistic and agonistic antibodies to GLP-1R.

Summary Table: Common Antibodies/Proteins Used with GLUT1 or GLP-1R

The choice of co-used antibodies or proteins should always be informed by the specific target and research objective. If a more specific or alternative meaning for "GL1" was intended, please clarify for a more tailored answer.

Key findings from scientific literature citing clone GL1 (frequently in the context of GLP-1 production clones or analogues) focus on advances in recombinant production, bioactivity optimization, and molecular engineering for therapeutic applications, particularly in diabetes and obesity.

Essential Findings:

• Enhanced GLP-1 Analogue Production: Researchers developed high-throughput GLP-1 production clones using advanced plasmid engineering, fusion tags, and recombinant DNA technology in E. coli, achieving increased peptide yield (170-190 mg/L) and high biological activity, as measured by cAMP assays and gene expression in cell models.
• Molecular Modifications for Longevity: The short plasma half-life of native GLP-1 was addressed by conjugating a C-16 fatty acid (n-Palmitoyl glutamic acid) to the peptide, significantly enhancing its stability and prolonging its effect in vivo.
• Cloning Strategies in Mammalian Cells: Another approach involved expressing hyperglycosylated GLP-1 analogs in CHO cells (Chinese hamster ovary), utilizing a GC-rich vector to yield stable, high-level expression clones. Glycosylation and N-terminal modifications (e.g., adding extra residues for enzyme clipping) further extended half-life by reducing DPP-IV cleavage.
• Purification and Identification: Both E. coli and CHO-based systems developed purification protocols with affinity (and C18-column) chromatography, with protein identification confirmed via SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and Edman degradation, indicating successful expression and molecular integrity.
• Therapeutic Potential: These engineered GLP-1 clones and analogs retain or enhance the ability to stimulate insulin secretion and protect pancreatic beta cells, addressing key complications in type 2 diabetes and metabolic disorders.

Broader Context:

• The literature underscores the value of fusion tags (such as thioredoxin or 6His) and specific N-terminal sequences in improving both solubility during expression and downstream processing efficiency.
• Biological efficacy of the resultant peptides is validated by standard bioassays (e.g., mRNA induction, insulinotropic effects), linking molecular modifications to functional outcomes.
• These production clones permit scalable, cost-effective manufacturing for therapeutic GLP-1 analogues, supporting the global need for improved peptide-based therapeutics.

If you are seeking references to a different meaning for "clone GL1" (e.g., plant biology or unrelated molecular clones), please specify the field for more targeted information. The research cited here is focused on the recombinant production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues.

Dosing regimens for clone GL1, which targets mouse CD86 (B7-2), are not comprehensively detailed in the provided search results—most sources mention GL1's target specificity but lack concrete dosing protocols in mouse models. Regimens for similar monoclonal antibodies in mouse models, such as checkpoint inhibitors, often use doses in the range of 100–250 µg per mouse, administered intraperitoneally 2–3 times per week for cancer immunotherapy or infection models.

Essential context and details:

• Clone GL1 is used for in vivo CD86 blockade or depletion in immunological studies, but standard published regimens are not specified in the current search set.
• For commonly used checkpoint blockade antibodies in mouse studies (e.g., anti-PD-L1 clone 10F.9G2), dosing ranges from 100–250 µg per mouse, injected intraperitoneally 2–3 times per week, and this is a typical schedule for functional in vivo antibody blockade in syngeneic tumor and infection models.
• While direct dosing data for GL1 are missing, it is reasonable—based on antibody class and common practices—to infer that comparable regimens (100–250 µg per mouse, 2–3 times per week, via intraperitoneal injection) are likely applied when using GL1 for CD86 blockade in mouse models. This inference is supported by shared methodology among functionally similar antibodies used for in vivo immunomodulation.

Limitations:

• No search results directly evaluated variations in GL1 dosing across different strains or disease models.
• Dosing may require optimization depending on the mouse model's sensitivity, route of administration, experimental goals, and expected pharmacodynamics, similar to other monoclonal antibody treatments.

Recommendation:

• For studies using clone GL1, reference doses of 100–250 µg per mouse, administered 2–3 times weekly intraperitoneally, serve as a reasonable starting point, with adjustments as warranted by pilot data or specific experimental protocols.

If you require detailed GL1 regimens for a specific disease model or mouse strain, consulting primary protocols from recent publications using GL1 or reaching out to antibody vendors/manufacturers is advised, since they sometimes provide technical sheets or usage references.