Anti-Mouse CD86 (Clone GL1) – Purified in vivo PLATINUM™ Functional Grade

Clone GL1 is most commonly used in vivo in mice to block CD86 (B7-2)-dependent costimulatory signaling, thereby inhibiting T cell-mediated immune responses and enabling mechanistic studies of immune regulation.

Key in vivo applications include:

• Blocking T cell costimulation: By targeting CD86 on antigen-presenting cells, GL1 interferes with the interaction between CD86 and CD28 or CTLA-4 on T cells. This blockade results in suppression of T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production, which is critical for studying immune tolerance, autoimmunity, transplantation, and tumor immunology.
• Inhibition of T cell priming: GL1 has been shown to inhibit the in vivo priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, reducing immune responses that depend on CD86-mediated signaling.
• Mechanistic studies of immune regulation: GL1 is used to dissect the specific roles of costimulatory molecules in immune cell interactions, helping to clarify how CD86 influences the development and regulation of adaptive immune responses.
• Modeling immune tolerance: Insufficient co-stimulation through CD86/CD80 can induce tolerance, and GL1 is employed to model these effects in vivo.
• Functional assays: Ultra-purified forms of GL1 are recommended for in vivo functional blockade experiments, such as those assessing the requirement of CD86 for specific immune outcomes.

Additional notes:

• GL1 is rarely used as a detection antibody in vivo, but it is commonly used in conjunction with other blocking antibodies (such as anti-CD80) to more completely abrogate costimulatory signals.
• Reported applications also include immunohistochemistry (IHC) of cryosections and flow cytometry for characterization of immune cells, but these are predominantly ex vivo/in vitro uses.

In summary, the principal in vivo use of clone GL1 in mice is as a CD86-blocking antibody to dissect and modulate T cell-dependent immune processes, enabling both basic immunological research and preclinical modeling of disease and immunotherapy.

Antibodies and Proteins Commonly Used with GL1 in the Literature

GL1 is a research tool, specifically the CD86 (B7-2) Monoclonal Antibody clone GL1, used to recognize and manipulate the CD86 protein, which is a co-stimulatory molecule involved in T cell activation. There is limited published information directly pairing GL1 with other specific antibodies or proteins in functional assays beyond its standard use to detect CD86. However, we can outline the typical experimental context and related reagents, as well as clarify the distinction with unrelated abbreviations (such as GLUT1 or GLP-1).

Context of GL1 (CD86) Use

• GL1 (CD86/B7-2 Antibody): This monoclonal antibody is widely used in immunology to detect CD86 on antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages) and to study T cell co-stimulation in vitro and in vivo.
• Common Pairings: Experimental assays using GL1 often also involve antibodies or ligands targeting CD80 (B7-1), the other major co-stimulatory ligand for CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells. Blocking both CD80 and CD86 (e.g., with anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 antibodies like GL1) is a standard approach to study T cell activation and immune checkpoint modulation.
• Other Reagents: Studies of T cell priming may also use anti-CD28 antibodies (to provide the primary co-stimulatory signal), anti-CD3 antibodies (to mimic antigen presentation via the T cell receptor), or CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein (to block CD80/CD86-CD28 interaction).

Example Experimental Combinations

Distinction from GLUT1, GLP-1, and Other Abbreviations

Some literature refers to GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1) antibodies or GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists, which are unrelated to CD86 or GL1. These are not used in combination with GL1 (CD86) but rather in metabolic or diabetes research. For example, GLUT1 antibodies target the glucose transporter for structural or functional studies in cell membranes, while GLP-1 agonists are peptide-based drugs for diabetes and obesity.

Summary

• GL1 (CD86/B7-2 monoclonal antibody) is commonly used with anti-CD80, anti-CD28, anti-CD3, and CTLA-4-Ig in immunology research to study T cell activation and co-stimulation.
• GLUT1 antibodies and GLP-1 agonists are not used with GL1; they are involved in distinct research areas (metabolism, diabetes).
• The most frequent co-reagents with GL1 are those targeting related co-stimulatory or inhibitory pathways in immune cell interactions.

If you have a more specific experimental context or are referring to a different "GL1" system, please clarify for a tailored response.

The key findings from clone GL1 citations in scientific literature vary significantly depending on the research context, as this designation appears in both immunological and metabolic research domains.

GLP-1 Analogue Production and Therapeutic Development

In the context of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) research, clone GL1 citations focus on advances in recombinant production, bioactivity optimization, and molecular engineering for therapeutic applications in diabetes and obesity. A recent breakthrough involved engineering a high-throughput clone for industrial-scale production of long-acting GLP-1 analogues with retained bio-efficacy. This work demonstrated that incorporating n-terminal hydrophobic amino acids, thioredoxin-modified tags, and enterokinase cleavage sites resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in mRNA gene expression, achieving final product yields of 170-190 mg per liter of fermentation culture.

The therapeutic development of GLP-1-based drugs represents a major milestone in medicine, solving a century-old mystery about the gut's role in glucose metabolism. The discovery that GLP-1(7-37) is produced in the intestine and functions as an incretin hormone laid the foundation for revolutionary treatments for metabolic disease. Recent clinical research has shown that GLP-1 receptor agonists may reduce the risk of specific obesity-associated cancers compared with insulins in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Immunological Applications

In immunology research, clone GL1 refers to an anti-mouse CD86 antibody used primarily in in vivo mouse studies to block CD86-dependent costimulatory signaling. CD86 plays a crucial role in T cell activation by binding to CD28 on T cells, resulting in enhanced cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. This clone recognizes an epitope on mouse CD86, an 80kD immunoglobulin superfamily member involved in immunoglobulin class-switching and activation of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The antibody is used to inhibit T cell-mediated immune responses by blocking the CD86-CD28 costimulatory pathway.

Dosing regimens for clone GL1 (an anti-mouse CD86 [B7-2] monoclonal antibody) are not standardized across all mouse models; they are typically adjusted depending on experimental objectives, route of administration (intravenous, intraperitoneal, or in vivo blocking), and the immune context of the model. Protocols published by suppliers and in research literature offer some guidance:

• Typical Dose Range: Most studies and product datasheets report doses of 100–250 μg per mouse per injection when GL1 is used for in vivo functional blockade of CD86.
• Administration Frequency: The antibody is often administered once prior to or at the point of immune challenge, but for prolonged studies or to sustain blockade, injections may be repeated every 2–4 days.
• Route of Administration: The most common routes are intraperitoneal (IP) or intravenous (IV) injection.

How dosing may vary by mouse model:

• Immunological Context: In immunological models (e.g., transplantation, autoimmune disease), the dose and frequency may be increased to achieve robust and sustained CD86 blockade, especially in models with high immune activation or rapid antibody clearance.
• Genetic Strain Differences: Some mouse strains metabolize antibodies differently; for models with faster clearance (e.g., certain backgrounds or immunodeficient lines), more frequent dosing or higher concentrations may be utilized, though detailed clearance data specific to GL1 are limited.
• Model-Specific Adjustments: In tumor or infection models, dosing regimens may be synchronized with tumor challenge or infection timing, sometimes requiring initial loading doses followed by maintenance injections.

For example, the Leinco and BioLegend datasheets suggest:

• In vivo functional grade GL1: 100–250 μg/mouse for blocking, given every 2–4 days as needed, typically by IP injection.

Summary Table—Dosing Regimens for GL1 Clone (Anti-mouse CD86):

Explicit adjustments should be guided by pilot data and validated in the specific model. Always refer to product datasheets for starting recommendations and consult primary literature for models matching your application.

Currently, the literature and datasheets do not report comprehensive pharmacokinetic or strain-dependent dosing studies for GL1 specifically; thus, empirical optimization is standard practice.